Endophytic Fungi from Uruguayan Native Myrtaceae: Enzymes Production, Antimicrobial and Phytotoxic Activity (original) (raw)
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Enumeration of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants and screeening of extracellular enzymes
Endophytes are microorganisms, which inhabit in healthy living plant tissues for all or part of their life cycle without causing apparent harmful symptoms to the host. In recent years, much research has been focused on the bioactivities of endophytic fungi. This interest is due to the possibility of these microorganisms producing pharmacologically active substances with biotechnological potential such as antitumor agents (Taxol), antifungal agents (quercine), besides producing factors of plant growth, toxins and enzymes, including some microorganisms being used as biological controllers of many diseases and plagues. In the present investigation four medicinal plants viz., Adhatoda vasica, Costus igneus, Coleus aromaticus and Lawsonia inerims were examined for the presence of endophytic fungi. Altogether 400 segment of which 50 segments each from leaf and stem tissues of respective plants were screened for the enumeration of the endophytic fungi using the modified surface sterilization techniques. A total of 12 different species of endophytic fungi were recorded from all four medicinal plants. Among them 7 belongs to Hyphomycetes, 4 belongs to Coelomycetes and one belongs to Xylariales. From the endophytic fungi recorded, 11 dominant endophytic fungi viz., Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia brachyspora, C.verruciformis, Drechslera hawaiiensis, Colletotrichum carssipes, Colletotrichum falctum, Colletotrichum gleosporioides, Lasiodiplodia theobromae ,Nigrospora Sphaerica, Phyllosticta Sp. and Xylariales species were tested for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes i.e., Amylase, Cellulase, Laccase, Lipase, Protease by the qualitative assays, majority of the endophytic fungi showed the positive results.
2013
Fungal species that establish an endophytic role inside the tissues of plants are known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. In the present study, Endophytic fungi were isolated from the stems and leaves of monocot and dicot plants species collected from Jabalpur region, (M.P.) and were screened for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and laccase activity. Each of endophytic fungal isolates showed a wide range of enzyme activity. Total ninety five fungal strains were isolates from plants and total thirty strains tested for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and laccase activity. The ability to produce these enzymes was distributed amongst the strains tested. The implication of enzyme production in relation to lifestyle abilities of the endophytes is discussed.
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2010
One hundred and twenty-one isolates of endophytic fungi were recovered from leaves of the bioactive Brazilian plant species Ageratum myriadenia, Palicourea tetraphylla, Piptadenia adiantoides, and Trixis vauthieri. All fungal isolates were cultivated in liquid media and crude extracts were obtained with ethyl acetate. The crude extracts were tested in bioassay panels using Leishmania amazonensis, Trypanosoma cruzi, the enzyme trypanothione reductase (TryR) from Trypanosoma cruzi, and three human cancer cell lines. Thirty-three extracts (27.2%) exhibited at least one biological activity. Seventeen extracts (14%) were cytotoxic against one or more human cancer cell line with the IC 50 values ranged of >0.2 to 25 µg/mL. Twenty-four extracts (19.8%) inhibited the activity of TryR, and three showed ability to inhibit the growth of T. cruzi above 60% and their IC 50 values ranged among 1 to 10 µg/mL. Eleven extracts (9%) were able to inhibit the growth of L. amazonensis and showed with IC 50 values ranged among 4.6 to 24.4 µg/mL. The endophytic fungi were identified as belonging to the genera Alternaria, Arthrinium, Cochliobolus, Colletotrichum, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Gibberella. An interesting result was obtained for the bioactive isolates UFMGCB 508, 537, 899 and 903, which were related to fungi associated with medicinal plants native to Asia, Australia, Africa, and Polynesia. These results indicate that bioactive plants living in Brazilian ecosystems are a potential host of endophytic fungi able to produce bioactive prototype molecules for drug development against neglected tropical diseases.
Fungal endophytes A potential source of antifungal compounds
Frontiers in Bioscience, 2012
Introduction 3. Antifungal compounds produced by endophytic fungi 3.1. Compounds produced by coelomycetes 3.2. Compounds produced by ascomycetes 3.3. Compounds produced by hyphomycetes 3.4. Compounds produced by unidentified fungus 4. Volatile organic compounds from endophytic fungus 5. Outlook 6. Acknowledgment 7. References Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Cryptocarya mandioccana Cis-4-hydroxy-6-deoxyscytalone (64), (4R)-4,8-dihydroxy-alpha-tetralone (65) Exophiala sp. Adenocarpus foliolosus Exochromone (66) Cryptosporiopsis quercina Tripterigeum wilfordii Cryptocandin A (67) Cryptosporiopsis sp. Pinus sylvestris Echinocandins A (68), B (69), D (70), H (71) Pezicula sp. Fagus sylvatica Echinocandins A (68), B (69), D (70), H (71) Cryptosporiopsis quercina Phleum pratense Cryptocin (72) Hormonema sp. (ATCC 74360) Juniperus communis Enfumafungin (73) Epichloe typhina Phleum pratense Epichlicin (74) Edenia gomezpompae Callicarpa acuminata Preussomerin EG1 (75), Preussomerin EG2 (76), Preussomerin EG3 (77) Endophytic strain E99297 Cistus salvifolius 5-(1,3-Butadien-1-yl)-3-(propen-1-yl)-2 (5H)-furanone (78) Botryosphaeria rhodina Bidens pilosa Botryorhodine A (79), B (80), C (81), D (82) Dinemasporium strigosum Calystegia sepium Dinemasone A (83), B (84), C (85) Chaetomium globosum Ginkgo biloba Chaetoglobosin A (86), C (87) Xylaria sp. PSU-D14 Garcinia dulcis Sordaricin (88) Xylaria sp. F0010 Abies holophylla Griseofulvin (89), 7-dechlorogriseofulvin (90) PSU-N24. Garcinia nigrolineata Griseofulvin (89) Xylaria sp. Palicourea marcgravii 2-hexyl-3-methylbutanodioic acid (91), Cytochalasin D (92) Xylaria sp. Ginkgo biloba 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (93) Penicillium paxilli PSU-A71 Garcinia atroviridis Penicillone (94), Pyrenocine A (95), Pyrenocine B (96) Verticillium sp. Rehmannia glutinosa 2,6-dihydroxy-2-methyl-7-(prop-1E-enyl)-1-benzofuran-3 (2H)-one (97), Massariphenone (98), Ergosterol peroxide (99) Arthrinium phaeospermum Unidentified grass Arthrichitin (100) Nigrospora sp. YB-141 Azadirachta indica Solanapyrone C (101), Solanapyrone N (102), Solanapyrone O (103), Nigrosporalactone (104), Phomalactone (105) Trichoderma harzianum Llexcornuta Lindl Trichodermin (106) Sr. No Fungus Plant Source Compounds isolated Nodulisporium sp. Erica arborea Nodulisporin D (107), E (108), F (109), (3S,4S,5R)-2,4,6-trimethyloct-6-ene-3,5-diol (110), 5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (111), 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenoxy)-butanoic acid (112), Benzene 1,2,3 triol (113) Aspergillus clavatus and Paecilomyces sp. Taxus mairei and Torreya grandis Brefeldin A (114) Eupenicillium brefeldianum Arisaema erubescens Brefeldin A (114)
Endophytic fungi: a source of novel biologically active secondary metabolites
Mycological Research, 2002
In the continual search by both pharmaceutical and agricultural industries for new products, natural selection has been found to be superior to combinatorial chemistry for discovering novel substances that have the potential to be developed into new industrial products. Since natural products are adapted to a specific function in nature, the search for novel secondary metabolites should concentrate on organisms that inhabit novel biotopes. Endophytic fungi inhabit such a biotope. In the course of the last 12 years, we have isolated " 6500 endophytic fungi from herbaceous plants and trees, screened them for biological activities, and have isolated and determined the structures of the biologically active compounds. Correlations were found between biological activity and biotope, e.g. a higher proportion of the fungal endophytes, in contrast to the soil isolates, inhibited at least one of the test organisms for antialgal and herbicidal activities. The substances isolated originated from different biosynthetic pathways : isoprenoid, polyketide, amino acid derivatives, and belonged to diverse structural groups : terpenoids, steroids, xanthones, chinones, phenols, isocumarines, benzopyranones, tetralones, cytochalasines, and enniatines. The potential role of the endophyte and its biologically active metabolites in its association with its host has been investigated. The fungal endophytes possess the exoenzymes necessary to colonize their hosts and they grow well in the apoplastic washing fluid of the host. When the roots of larch are colonized, the association with the host may be mutualistic, improving growth of the host and supplying the mycobiont with enough nourishment to extensively colonize the host's roots. The concentrations of some plant defence metabolites are lower than in the control when the host is infected with a pathogen than with an endophyte. We hypothesize that the interaction fungal endophyte-plant host is characterized by a finely tuned equilibrium between fungal virulence and plant defence. If this balance is disturbed by either a decrease in plant defence or an increase in fungal virulence, disease develops. Not only must the endophyte synthesize metabolites to compete first with epiphytes and then with pathogens in order to colonize the host, but presumably also to regulate metabolism of the host in their delicately balanced association. The utilization of a biotope such as that of the fungal endophyte is one aspect of intelligent screening, another very important one is the taxonomy of the fungus in order to avoid redundant structural isolations. It is not a random walk through a random forest. Many groups of fungi in different biotopes are waiting to be exploited.
Antifungal and proteolytic activities of endophytic fungi isolated from Piper hispidum Sw
Endophytes are being considered for use in biological control, and the enzymes they secrete might facilitate their initial colonization of internal plant tissues and direct interactions with microbial pathogens. Microbial proteases are also biotechnologically important products employed in bioremediation processes, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical, photographic and food industries. In the present study, we evaluated antagonism and competitive interactions between 98 fungal endophytes and Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum sp., Phyllosticta citricarpa and Moniliophthora perniciosa. We also examined the proteolytic activities of endophytes grown in liquid medium and conducted cup plate assays. The results showed that certain strains in the assemblage of P. hispidum endophytes are important sources of antifungal properties, primarily Lasiodiplodia theobromae JF766989, which reduced phytopathogen growth by approximately 54 to 65%. We detected 28 endophytes producing enzymatic halos of up to 16.40 mm in diameter. The results obtained in the present study highlight the proteolytic activity of the endophytes Phoma herbarum JF766995 and Schizophyllum commune JF766994, which presented the highest enzymatic halo diameters under at least one culture condition tested. The increased activities of certain isolates in the presence of rice or soy flour as a substrate (with halos up to 17.67 mm in diameter) suggests that these endophytes have the potential to produce enzymes using agricultural wastes.
Fungal species that establish an endophytic role inside the tissues of medicinal plants are known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. In the present study, the most dominant and representative endophytic fungal species of five ethno-medicinal plants prevalent in the pristine sacred forests of Meghalaya, were screened for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and xylanase. Each of endophytic fungal isolates showed a wide range of enzyme activity. Mycelial biomass generation and root colonization, in addition to the enzyme activity of the endophytic fungal isolates, provided insights into their probable origin and ecological roles within the plant host.
2013
Endophytic fungi exhibit a complex web of interactions with host plants and have been extensively studied over the last several years as prolific sources of new bioactive natural products. Fungal enzymes are one of them which are used in food, beverages, confectionaries, textiles and leather industries to simplify the processing of raw materials. They are often more stable than enzymes derived from other sources. Enzymes of the endophytes are degraders of the polysaccharides available in the host plants. The use of simpler solid media permits the rapid screening of large populations of fungi for the presence or absence of specific enzymes. Fifty fungal strains, isolated from medicinal plants (Alpinia calcarata, Bixa orellana, Calophyllum inophyllum and Catharanthus roseus) were screened for extracellular enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, laccase, lipase, pectinase and protease on solid media. Sixty four percent of fungi screened for enzymes showed positive for lipase, 62% for amylase and pectinase, 50% showed for lipase, 32% showed for cellulase, 30% for laccase and only 28% showed positive for protease. The array of enzymes produced differs between fungi and often depends on the host and their ecological factors.
Mycological Research, 1998
Endophytic fungi were isolated from nine plant species growing on gypsum and saline soils in central Spain. The plants sampled were Arundo donax, Atriplex halimus, Diplotaxis erucoides, Ephedra nebrodensis, Phragmites australis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Scirpus holoschoenus, S. maritimus and Stipa tenacissima. A total of 152 fungal species were recovered from 2880 samples of leaves, stems or twigs, taken from 45 individual plants. Ephedra and Rosmarinus showed the highest diversity of endophytes, whereas both species of Scirpus showed the lowest. The most frequently isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, Sporormiella intermedia, Rhizoctonia sp., Epicoccum purpurascens, Pleospora herbarum, Cladosporium herbarum, Sporormiella australis and a sterile fungus. A total of 187 strains belonging to 136 species were tested for the production of antimicrobial activities, using a panel of bacteria and yeasts, some of them of clinical relevance. Production of antimicrobial compounds was detected in 45 strains, belonging to 37 species. Large differences were observed among isolates from the same species, with respect to their ability to produce metabolites with antimicrobial activity.