Climate sensitivity of radial growth in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) under different CO2 concentrations (original) (raw)
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Tree Physiology, 2013
The growth responses of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees exposed to elevated [CO 2 ] (C E ; 670-700 ppm) and long-term optimized nutrient availability or elevated air temperature (T E ; +3.9 °C) were studied in situ in northern Sweden in two 3 year field experiments using 12 whole-tree chambers in ca. 40-year-old forest. The first experiment (Exp. I) studied the interactions between C E and nutrient availability and the second (Exp. II) between C E and T E . It should be noted that only air temperature was elevated in Exp. II, while soil temperature was maintained close to ambient. In Exp. I, C E significantly increased the mean annual height increment, stem volume and biomass increment during the treatment period (25, 28, and 22%, respectively) when nutrients were supplied. There was, however, no significant positive C E effect found at the low natural nutrient availability. In Exp. II, which was conducted at the natural site fertility, neither C E nor T E significantly affected height or stem increment. It is concluded that the low nutrient availability (mainly nitrogen) in the boreal forests is likely to restrict their response to the continuous rise in [CO 2 ] and/or T E .
Tree Physiology, 2009
Effects of ambient and elevated temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]) on CO 2 assimilation rate and the structural and phenological development of shoots during their first growing season were studied in 45-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) enclosed in whole-tree chambers. Continuous measurements of net assimilation rate (NAR) in individual buds and shoots were made from early bud development to late August in two consecutive years. The largest effect of elevated temperature (T E ) was manifest early in the season as an earlier start and completion of shoot length development, and a 1-3-week earlier shift from negative to positive NAR compared with the ambient temperature (T A ) treatments. The largest effect of elevated [CO 2 ] (C E ) was found later in the season, with a 30% increase in maximum NAR compared with trees in the ambient [CO 2 ] treatments (C A ), and shoots assimilating their own mass in terms of carbon earlier in the C E treatments than in the C A treatments. Once the net carbon assimilation compensation point (NACP) had been reached, T E had little or no effect on the development of NAR performance, whereas C E had little effect before the NACP. No interactive effects of T E and C E on NAR were found. We conclude that in a climate predicted for northern Sweden in 2100, current-year shoots of P. abies will assimilate their own mass in terms of carbon 20-30 days earlier compared with the current climate, and thereby significantly contribute to canopy assimilation during their first year.
Tree Physiology, 2007
Effects of elevated temperature and atmospheric CO 2 concentration ([CO 2 ]) on spring phenology of mature field-grown Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees were followed for three years. Twelve whole-tree chambers (WTC) were installed around individual trees and used to expose the trees to a predicted future climate. The predicted climate scenario for the site, in the year 2100, was 700 µmol mol -1 [CO 2 ], and an air temperature 3°C higher in summer and 5°C higher in winter, compared with current conditions. Four WTC treatments were imposed using combinations of ambient and elevated [CO 2 ] and temperature. Control trees outside the WTCs were also studied. Bud development and shoot extension were monitored from early spring until the termination of elongation growth. Elevated air temperature hastened both bud development and the initiation and termination of shoot growth by two to three weeks in each study year. Elevated [CO 2 ] had no significant effect on bud development patterns or the length of the shoot growth period. There was a good correlation between temperature sum (day degrees ≥ 0°C) and shoot elongation, but a precise timing of bud burst could not be derived by using an accumulation of temperature sums.
Journal of Forest Science, 2010
Bud phenology and shoot elongation growth were monitored on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) trees grown inside glass domes with adjustable windows for six years under ambient (355 µmol CO2∙mol–1) and elevated (700 µmol CO2∙mol–1) atmospheric CO2 concentrations CO2. Each treatment consisted of two stand densities – sparse (5,000 trees∙ha–1) and dense (10,000 trees∙ha–1). The age of spruce trees was 10 years at the beginning of the experiment.Elevated CO2 slightly accelerated the consequential bud germinating phases and it significantly induced shoot elongation growth, especially of sun-exposed shoots in a stand with sparse density. This accelerated growth lasted one to three weeks after full bud development in E compared to A. At the end of the growing season the total shoot length did not show any differences between the treatments. We supposed that limiting nitrogen supply to needles slowed down subsequent shoot elongation growth in E treatment. Nevertheless, faster shoot g...
Forest Ecology and Management, 2002
Regional and temporal growth variation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and its dependence on air temperature and precipitation were compared in stands across latitudinal and altitudinal transects in southwestern and eastern Germany, Norway, and Finland. The temporal variation of radial growth was divided into two components: medium-and high-frequency variation, i.e. decadal and year-to-year variation, respectively. The medium-frequency component was rather different between regions, especially the southern and northern ones. However, within each region the medium-frequency growth variation was relatively similar, irrespective of altitudinal and latitudinal differences of the sample sites. A part of the high-frequency variation was common to all four regions, which suggests that some factors synchronising tree growth are common for the entire study area. The high-frequency component of growth was more strongly related to monthly air temperature and precipitation than was the medium-frequency variation. The limiting effect of low temperatures was more significant at northern as well as high-altitude sites, while the importance of precipitation increased in the south and at low altitudes. #
Regional differences in climatic responses of Norway spruce ( Picea abies L. Karst) growth in Norway
Forest Ecology and Management, 2006
We examined growth responses of Norway spruce using tree-ring series from increment cores and monthly climate variables over the period 1900-1998. The 1398 cores were selected from 588 plots scattered all over Norway. We correlated tree-ring indices with temperature, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index and length of the growing season. The weather in June had the largest influence on ring widths. However, two different, and almost opposite, response types were found: Tree growth was restricted by June precipitation in the lowlands in southeastern Norway, but by the June temperature in other regions and at high altitudes. In order to define the shift between these two main response types, we correlated response functions with various 30-year mean climatic variables, including humidity and aridity indices. The 30-year mean June temperature was the variable most clearly showing this shift in response, with a threshold at 12-13 8C. At sites with normal temperature below this threshold, spruce responded positively to unusually warm and dry June months, and vice versa. #
The effects of elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ] on Norway spruce needle parameters
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
Studies of selected morphological needle parameters were carried out on young (17–19 year old) Norway spruce trees cultivated inside glass domes at ambient (A, 370 μmol (CO2) mol−1) and elevated (E, 700 μmol (CO2) mol−1) atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2] beginning in 1997. Annual analyses performed from 2002 to 2004 revealed higher values for needle length (especially for current needles, up to 18%) and projected needle area (up to 13%) accompanied by lower values for specific needle area (up to 15% lower, as quantified by needle mass to projected area ratio) in the E treatment compared to the A treatment. Statistically significant differences for most of the investigated morphological parameters were found in young needles in the well irradiated sun-adapted crown parts, particularly under water-limiting soil conditions in 2003. This was likely a result of different water relations in E compared to A trees as investigated under temperate water stress (Kuper et al. in Biol Plantarum 50:603–609, 2006). Furthermore, E trees had much higher absorbing root area, which modified and enhanced root:shoot as well as root:conductive stem area proportions. These hydraulic properties and early seasonal stimulation of photosynthesis forced advanced needle development in E trees, particularly under limited soil water conditions. The number of needles per unit shoot length was found to be unaffected by elevated [CO2].
Soil-surface CO2 flux and growth in a boreal Norway spruce stand
2001
Global warming is predicted to affect the carbon balance of forests. A change in the carbon balance would give a positive or negative feedback to the greenhouse effect, which would affect global warming. The effects of long-term soil warming on growth, nutrient and soil-surface CO2 flux (R) dynamics were studied in irrigated (I) and irrigated-fertilised (IL) stands of Norway spruce in northern Sweden. Soil temperature on heated plots (Ih and ILh) was maintained 5 oC above that on unheated plots (Ic and ILc) from May to October, by heating cables. After six years' soil warming, stemwood production increased by 100% and 50% in the I and IL treatment, respectively. The main production increase occurred at the beginning of the season, probably as an effect of the earlier increase in soil temperature. In the Ih treatment, however, the growth increase was evident during the entire season. The effect of increased nitrogen (N), mineralisation on annual growth appeared to be stronger tha...
2014
Knowledge gaps still exist concerning the resilience of Norway spruce growth to changing climate conditions especially outside their natural range. We used a dendroecological approach to assess growth resilience of Norway spruce to changing moisture availability on different sites in southwest Germany near the xerothermic range limits of this species. We described the temporal and spatial variation of Norway spruce tree-ring width, comparatively assessed the response of tree-ring width to changes in moisture availability between different study sites and assessed the capacity of Norway spruce growth to absorb disturbance by drought. To assess the capacity, we applied the concept of resilience and the concept of early-warning signals to tree-ring width data. The results indicated no adequate short-term adaptive capacity to changing climate conditions for the respective Norway spruce trees within the study period. Furthermore the results showed an enhancement of growth synchronicity among the trees at each study site which is highly correlated with changes in moisture availability. Critical slow down, loss of buffering ability and simultaneous increase in spatial correlation are indicative of a loss in growth resilience of Norway spruce. We assume that the capacity of Norway spruce trees to absorb disturbance in terms of their growth response to moisture deficits decreased presumably as a consequence of a series of drought events in the more recent past.
Geochronometria, 2012
The research was conducted in selected 80-to 110-year-old spruce stands in the southeastern part of the Českomoravská Upland at altitudes from 350 m a.s.l. to 465 m a.s.l. The regional standard tree-ring chronology shows very low increments for years 1974 . After 1992 there is a sharp rise in increments with a climax in 1997. Afterwards, increments gradually decrease, reaching minima in 2003 and 2008. The years with low increments were also confirmed by the analysis of negative pointer years when over 80% of the analysed trees responded by a sharp decrease in increment, mainly in years 1976 and 1992. We can usually find values of monthly precipitation or monthly temperature average which can explain or help explain these falls in the radial growth.