Performance of Larval and Postlarval Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), Fed Two Commercial Liquid Diet Supplements (original) (raw)
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Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 2007
A simple and practical method for quantification of feeding stimulation of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was developed using feed preference as an index of comparison. Feed preference was defined as the percentage of shrimp observed in each feeding tray. Preliminary trials were undertaken with two commercial feeds (45% protein with 5% squid meal and 40% protein without squid meal). Results indicated the following criteria were suitable for use as methodology for evaluating feeding stimulation in 5-m diameter static flow tanks: shrimp density (2.5 shrimp/m2); observational period (1 or 2 h post-addition of feed to trays), feed rate (2%), and between-trial feed rate (2%). A further investigation was undertaken to evaluate the influence of protein level and source on feed preference using a basal diet consisting of wheat flour, casein, carboxymethyl cellulose binder, and limestone, with or without krill meal as a feeding stimulant. A significant difference was shown in feeding preference for the 16% protein/4% krill meal vs. one without krill meal; however, this relationship was not shown in 45% protein feed comparisons. A second trial comparing 0, 16,30, and 45 % protein/casein-based feeds showed similar results. From these findings, it was postulated that casein, itself, also serves as a feeding stimulant at high dietary inclusion levels. A third trial comparing 16% protein/casein or wheat gluten-based feeds Indicated a delay of at least 2 h in maximum feeding preference response in feeds in which 4% krill meal was added as a feeding stimulant. It was postulated that chemical stimulants from krill meal were more slowly released in wheat gluten-based feeds. Our methodology appears suitable for evaluation of potential feeding stimulants when incorporated into low-protein casein-based or wheat-gluten-based feeds.
Alternative diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Aquaculture, 2007
Future use of animal protein sources in shrimp feeds is expected to be considerably reduced as a consequence of increasing economical, environmental and safety issues. Of main concern has been the use of expensive marine protein sources, such as fish meal. Hence, shrimp research has recently focused on the development of practical feeds with minimal levels of fish meal and alternative, lower cost protein sources. To determine shrimp capacity to use practical feeds with plant proteins as replacement ingredients to animal protein sources, an 81-day growth trial was conducted in an outdoor tanks system, using juvenile (0.74 g) Litopenaeus vannamei. Experimental treatments included four diets with varying levels of fish meal in the diet (9, 6, 3 and 0%) in combination with 16% poultry by-product meal, a plant based feed containing 1% squid meal, and a commercial reference feed. Feeds were commercially extruded and offered as sinking pellets designed to contain 35% crude protein and 8% lipids. Mean final weight, percent weight gain, final net yield, feed conversion ratio and survival were evaluated. Final values for these parameters ranged from 17.4 to 19.5 g, 2249-2465%, 564.4-639.0 g m − 3 , 1.07-1.20 and 83.3-89.2%, respectively. Evaluation of production parameters at the end of the study demonstrated no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) among any of the experimental treatments. These results indicate that fish meal can be replaced with plant protein sources in diets including 16% poultry by-product meal without affecting shrimp growth and production. In addition, results demonstrate that good performance can obtained by shrimp fed a plant protein based feed (solvent extracted soybean meal, corn gluten meal and corn fermented solubles) in combination with 1% squid meal. Although results with the primarily plant based diet are encouraging, further evaluations are recommended to allow the removal of the remaining marine ingredients. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2009
A protocol for testing feeding stimulants on Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, is described. Thirty-five rectangular tanks (55 L volume) served as the test system into which ten 5-6 g shrimp were stocked. Every tank contained two bowls, each of which contained either 25 feed pellets of a Reference Diet or Test Diet (consisting of the Reference Diet with one test ingredient added). After 1 h, the difference between the number of pellets consumed of the Test Diet and the Reference Diet was used as the Response. Each of the four Test Diets contained a different salmon hydrolysate made from byproducts of the Alaska fish processing industry (included at 50 g/kg). A fifth commercial shrimp diet was also tested. Each Test Diet was tested against the Reference Diet over a 4-d period in seven replicate tanks. The data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA and a confidence interval for each treatment response was calculated. The confidence interval was used to assess the test ingredient as a feeding stimulant. Treatment means were compared using Tukey's test (α = 5%). All the hydrolysates tested were found to act as feeding stimulants.