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Different approaches to technology transfer by government and academy
World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 2015
The paper will present the conflict between the natural preference of technology transfer organisations (TTO) regarding commercialisation for the licensing option and the government preference for spin-offs. The difference in preferences is based on the impact both alternatives have on measurable employment rate increase. It will further suggest that the government preference expressed in both funding and availability of support tools, aimed to support the preferred government alternative, is showing reduced results than expected, due to the conflict. The paper suggests a methodology for governments to develop support tools that would enhance the chances of economic development based on the work of the research organisations. The paper further describes the requirements from the business environment, and the complementary nature of successful tools to be developed. Further empirical research is recommended based on the methodology.
This Technology Transfer Handbook proves the importance of introducing mechanisms to support innovation and technology transfer in Republic of Moldova, which contributes to the development of its economy. This publication is oriented to different users and to decision makers, aims to “good governance” which is very important for the Republic of Moldova. Thepresented results of the cooperation between Estonia and Moldova have practical significance to the most important Moldovan stakeholders and private enterprises, aiming at Public Private Partnerships through quality assurance and standardization.
Aspects of Innovation and Technology Transfer in Romania
Valahian Journal of Economic Studies
Technological information, knowledge transfer, research and innovation are factors of success in the contemporary economy. Romania is on the last place in Europe in terms of innovation, and the Romanian regions occupy the last positions the picture of the European innovation at the regional level. The paper presents a presentation of the situation of the innovation in Romania, with aspects concerning the need for innovation of SMEs. Domestic companies need innovation to cope with the European and international competition. The collaboration with the university/research institutes and the patent/license acquisition have a low share, showing the lack of technology transfer and of certain partnerships between the business environment and the research area. The establishment of networks specialized in technological transfer, with government support, can be a solution for the sustainable growth of the national economy.
Current Challenges of the Technology Transfer Process
Proceedings of the international scientific conference Hradec Economic Days 2020, 2020
Currently, science and technology transfer are considered to be the cornerstones of economic and social progress. The importance of technology transfer is of strategic importance for each state. Therefore, the purpose of this review article is to examine the current issues challenging the process of TT from the perspective of knowledge management. On the basis of the literature review, the authors identified the persisting three issues, significantly affecting the TT process: (i) the ability of a university to identify a target company for a given technology, (ii) the ability of scientists to identify and subsequently locate technologies that someone is interested in, and (iii) slowness and inflexibility of universities in formulating agreements. These issues are discussed in detail in this article.
Technology transfer through collaborative partnership arrangements: Issues and considerations
2001
International technology transfer through collaborative partnership arrangements provides a means whereby companies can obtain many of the benefits of globalisation. They can take advantage of resource and market factors while, at the same time, sharing costs and potential risks. They can also make best use of their proprietary resources by extending the application of their know-how through its transfer to international partners. This paper examines some of the issues and considerations associated with partnership arrangements for international technology transfer. It focuses on four main issues that emerge when such collaborative arrangements are being considered. As its frame of reference the paper uses cases of technology transfer between Europe and China. It is based on research undertaken over a number of years with funding from the British Council, the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the European Commission. Recent evidence has been drawn from a study of joint ventures funded by the EU-China Higher Education Cooperation Programme. The focus of the paper is on the machinery and machine tools, electronics and telecommunications industries, where China's economic policy has especially encouraged technology transfer through foreign investment for the purpose of upgrading these sectors.
Technology Transfer Introduction, Facts and Models
The process of transfer of new discoveries and innovations resulting from scientific research conducted at non-profit research institutions or government laboratories to the commercial sectors. Technology transfer has been a subject of considerable interest to many groups, such as government policy makers, international funding agencies and business executives. Technology transfer is a crucial and dynamic factor in social and economic development. Sometimes a recipient has done much better job than an original innovator. Different models are used to govern the implementation of technology transfer activities and their application to marketplace. Technology transfer is not only transferring the product but also the use of knowledge and its application. Technology transfer may be accomplished by diversity of agents, and through a variety of mechanisms. Agents may be organizations in the receiving country such as business firms, government agencies, or universities. Agents may also be the foreign organizations, such as firms, foundations and also non-profit universities. Research and development plays a vital role in creating these technologies, but not always benefits are transferred to needy people and therefore need of technology transfer arises.
Towards an achievement of successful technology transfers
Proceedings of the International Conference on Science, Technology, Engineering, Education, Arts, Management & the Social Sciences (iSTEAMS) 2013, 2013
Technology transfer has been a global concept for decades. Technology transfer is important for knowledge building capacity and economic development. The movement of a new technology from the development laboratory to the end user however, is known to be associated with couple of failures. The conventional approach is the unidirectional mode where a technology is transferred to the user without any intervention from the user. Co-evolutionary service-oriented approach provides for a feedback mechanism to ensure a successful technology transfer, and is recently increasing in popularity because of its success. However, most studies have looked at technology transfers from a developed country to another developed country, and from a developing country to another developing country. There appears to be scarce research on co-evolutionary technology transfers between the developed countries and emerging economies. This paper reviews technology transfer efforts in recent times and posits that successful technology transfer between organisations in developed countries and developing countries is achievable, when these organisations co-evolve.
International Technology Transfer: Major Issues and Policy Responses
Journal of International Business Studies, 1981
International Technology Transfer emerged as a separate field of inquiry in the 1970s and has since inspired a large literature. This paper identifies and reviews the major aspects of the field. Policy responses of technology supplying firms and nations and of recipient countries are examined. Directions for further research are indicated. I International technology transfer emerged as a field of inquiry in the late 1960s and has, in the past decade, inspired a large literature.1 This paper attempts to review the major aspects of the field. A salient issue is the proprietary nature of much of technology. The latest technologies, particularly, are concentrated in relatively few companies in a few industrial countries. Moreover, the package of information, rights, and services commonly included in a technology transfer hardly behaves akin to a public good in the extreme definition of technology as freely available information. Recent empirical studies have measured significant costs associated with its transfer, borne by both technology supplier and recipient organizations. From these facts, as well as from the ever increasing need for technology as an input to economic growth, comes the conclusion that international technology transfers will continue to be made on a commercial basis, barring government-sponsored programs and the not inconsequential flow of information from journals, books, seminars, and reverse engineering. However, the proprietary nature of the most vital information-often protected under patent agreements and by considerable concentration in many industries-also makes the technology market a highly imperfect one. It is rendered even more imperfect and the "price" or compensation received for the transfer more indeterminate because the product market facing the technology recipient or user in his country is often oligopolistic or considerably short of being competitive. This is particularly so where the industry enjoys tariff protection or entry limitations. In several developing nations, however, even in the absence of these factors, sheer technological backwardness or lack of capital may mean there are relatively few potential technology recipients and final producers. To the international firm, an advantage in a foreign market-whether obtained from the relative scarcity of suppliers to the international technology market or INTRODUCTION: Overview of Issues Treated *Farok J. Contractor teaches at Rutgers University, Graduate School of Management. He is the author of International Technology Licensing: Compensation, Costs, and Negotiation (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1981) as well as articles based on data on U.S. technology company compensation and negotiation practices. Dr. Contractor also understands the recipient firm's perspective from five years with an Asian company. He holds a Ph.D. and an MBA from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, and an MS in engineering from the University of Michigan. **Tagi Sagafi-nejad teaches at the Business School and the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. In addition to studying Middle Eastern Political Economy, he has published articles on several aspects of technology transfer based on his research in the Middle East, Latin America, and the U.S. He is co-author and co-editor of the Technology Transfer Trilogy, a series of three books published by Pergamon in 1980 and 1981. Dr. Sagafi-nejad holds an MA and a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.
Government-academy different approaches to technology transfer
The paper will present the conflict between the natural preference of Technology Transfer Organization (TTO)'s regarding commercialization for the licensing option and the government preference for Spin-Offs. The conflict regarding preference for one of the two main Technology Transfer options: the first, the licensing or selling of the technology and the right to use it to existing commercial entities; the second the spinning-off of firms, in which new firms are formed, to which the technology is transferred. It will further suggest that the les than expected results, are due to the conflict. The recent prevalence of TTOs and TT support tools, (e.g. professional training, handbooks , seminars, associations etc.) are evidence of the effort to affect technology transfer from the Academy to the Industry (Fontana, Geuna and Matt, 2006). The Academy or Research Organization are organizations dedicated towards the creation of knowledge and in most cases (e.g. universities) also teaching. However, another function is the transfer of the