Comparison of predictive equations for energy expenditure in pregnant women at rest and during exercise Comparação entre equações preditivas do gasto calórico de gestantes em repouso e exercício (original) (raw)
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New equation for the prediction of resting energy expenditure during pregnancy
Nutrition, 2009
Objective: The equation for the prediction of resting energy expenditure (REE) during pregnancy is unknown. The aim of this prospective longitudinal study was to determine a new equation for prediction of REE in pregnancy. Methods: A total of 152 randomly recruited healthy pregnant Czech women (nonsmokers, not users of chronic medications or abusers of alcohol or drugs, normoglycemic, euthyroid, and not anemic) were divided into two cohorts: group 1 (n ¼ 31) was used for determination of the equation for calculation of pregnant REE and group 2 (n ¼ 121) for cross-validation of this formula. The REE of the pregnant women in both study groups was examined by indirect calorimetry (REE-IC) along with anthropometry after 12 h of fasting in four periods of pregnancy. A statistical comparison of three basic equations (Harris Benedict, Schofield, and Kleiber) was used for the prediction of REE. Results: Through correlation analysis and linear regression, a new predictive equation of REE during pregnancy (P REE) was derived from the Harris Benedict equation. We observed high concordance between values from P REE and REE-IC in group 2. Analysis of alternative predictive equations of REE with the addition of kilocalories and a corrected multiplication factor for each stage of pregnancy expressed low concordance. Conclusions: The equation for REE in kilocalories during pregnancy, P REE ¼ 346.43943 þ 13.962564 3 W þ 2.700416 3 H À 6.826376 3 A (W, weight; H, height; A, age), with SD 116 kcal/d, corresponds closely to REE-IC and maternal changes in each phase of pregnancy. P REE can be applied for prediction of REE during gestation. Ó
Longitudinal assessment of energy balance in well-nourished, pregnant women
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1999
Clinicians often recommend an additional energy intake of 1250 kJ/d to their pregnant patients. Previous studies have shown considerable variation in the metabolic response to pregnancy and thus in the additional energy required to support a pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to assess how well-nourished women meet the energy demands of pregnancy and to identify factors that predict an individual's metabolic response. Resting metabolic rate (RMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE), energy intake (EI), and body fat mass (FM) were measured longitudinally in 10 women preconception; at 8-10, 24-26, and 34-36 wk of gestation; and 4-6 wk postpartum. Compared with preconception values, individual RMRs increased from 456 to 3389 kJ/d by late pregnancy. DIT varied from -266 to 110 kJ/meal, TEE from -105 to 3421 kJ/d, AEE from -2301 to 2929 kJ/d, EI from -259 to 2176 kJ/d, and FM from a 0.6-kg loss to a 10.6-kg gain. ...
Nutrition, 2011
Objective: There is conflicting evidence as to whether anthropometric parameters are related to resting energy expenditure (REE) during pregnancy. The aim of this prospective longitudinal study was to precisely assess a major anthropometric determinant of REE for pregnant and non-pregnant women with verification of its use as a possible predictor. Methods: One hundred fifty-two randomly recruited, healthy, pregnant Czech women were divided into groups G1 and G2. G1 (n ¼ 31) was used for determination of the association between anthropometric parameters and REE. G2 (n ¼ 121) and a group of non-pregnant women (G0; n ¼ 24) were used for verification that observed relations were suitable for the prediction of REE during pregnancy. The women in the study groups were measured during four periods of pregnancy for REE by indirect calorimetry and anthropometric parameters after 12 h of fasting. Results: Associations were found in all groups between measured REE by indirect calorimetry and anthropometric parameters such as weight, fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM), body surface area, and body mass index (P < 0.0001). The best derived predictor, REE/FFM (29.5 kcal/kg, r ¼ 0.70, P < 0.0001), in group G1 was statistically verified in group G2 and compared with G0. Conclusion: Anthropometrically measured FFM with its metabolically active components is an essential determinant of REE in pregnancy. REE/FFM can be used for the prediction of REE in pregnant and non-pregnant woman.
Energy requirements during pregnancy based on total energy expenditure and energy deposition
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004
Background: Energy requirements during pregnancy remain controversial because of uncertainties regarding maternal fat deposition and reductions in physical activity. Objective: This study was designed to estimate the energy requirements of healthy underweight, normal-weight, and overweight pregnant women and to explore energetic adaptations to pregnancy. Design: The energy requirements of 63 women [17 with a low body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2), 34 with a normal BMI, and 12 with a high BMI] were estimated at 0, 9, 22, and 36 wk of pregnancy and at 27 wk postpartum. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by calorimetry, total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water, and activity energy expenditure (AEE) as TEE Ҁ BMR. Energy deposition was calculated from changes in body protein and fat. Energy requirements equaled the sum of TEE and energy deposition. Results: BMR increased gradually throughout pregnancy at a mean (ȀSD) rate of 10.7 Ȁ 5.4 kcal/gestational week, whereas TEE increased by 5.2 Ȁ 12.8 kcal/gestational week, which indicated a slight decrease in AEE. Energy costs of pregnancy depended on BMI group. Although total protein deposition did not differ significantly by BMI group (mean for the 3 groups: 611 g protein), FM deposition did (5.3, 4.6, and 8.4 kg FM in the low-, normal-, and high-BMI groups; P ҃ 0.02). Thus, energy costs differed significantly by BMI group (P ҃ 0.02). In the normal-BMI group, energy requirements increased negligibly in the first trimester, by 350 kcal/d in the second trimester, and by 500 kcal/d in the third trimester. Conclusion: Extra energy intake is required by healthy pregnant women to support adequate gestational weight gain and increases in BMR, which are not totally offset by reductions in AEE.