Long-Distance Transport of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfas) in a Swedish Drinking Water Aquifer (original) (raw)
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wastewater streams: occurrence and current treatment
Academia Engineering, 2023
PFAS are a growing environmental concern due to their persistence and universality. PFAS enters the environment through multiple channels, one of which is wastewater. This paper comprehensively presents PFAS in wastewater from point- and non-point sources, and discuss the variability, to permit greater understanding of the magnitude of PFAS pollution caused by wastewater streams. 55 papers had been included in this review. The review highlights a high variability of total PFAS in WWTP effluents with concentrations ranging from 16.8 ng/L to 11,870 ng/L depending on the number of PFAS tested, the types of industries the WWTPs served, the effluent treatment processes employed and if the influents are contaminated by aqueous film forming foam. DWTP effluents generally have significantly lower PFAS due to cleaner influents. Often, the effluents contain more PFAS than the influents because of the degradation of PFAA precursors. Landfill leachate contains comparatively more PFAS (as high as 291,700 ng/L) and the factors affecting their levels are the types and volumes of waste received, and leachate treatment employed. Membrane treatment reduces PFAS in leachate significantly, but they are retained in the concentrate. It sometimes yields higher total PFAS concentrations than untreated leachate. This prompts proper removal of PFAS from the concentrate of membrane treatment through advanced technologies such as activated carbon, ion exchange resins and electrochemical treatment. Non-point sources of PFAS comprise mainly of runoffs and stormwater. Landfills without leachate collection and treatment system constitute a non-point source of PFAS. Actual firefighting and firefighting training are important non-point sources of PFAS contributing up to 51.4 mg/L of PFAS in groundwater. PFAS from non-point sources is currently understudied and have much potential for future study.
AWWA Water Science, 2019
The contamination of groundwater sources with per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the United States is a widespread problem for the drinking water industry. Well water supplies in the municipalities of Fountain, Security, and Widefield, Colorado, contain perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate levels greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) health advisory level of 70 ng/L. The source of PFAS has been associated with aqueous film‐forming foam at Peterson Air Force Base. To assist property owners and limit the exposure of PFAS to residential drinking water systems, treatability studies were conducted by the USEPA on the PFAS removal effectiveness of commercially available point‐of‐use/point‐of‐entry units using reverse osmosis treatment and granular activated carbon adsorbents. Household water systems were tested with a test water containing the water quality characteristics and six PFAS contaminants found in Widefield aquifer region ground...
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found in aquatic systems, flora, and fauna worldwide. These potentially harmful compounds are also frequently detected in Sweden and have already resulted in severe problems for public drinking water supply, i.e., some wells had to be closed due to high PFAS concentrations both in raw water and produced drinking water. Knowledge on PFAS occurrence in Sweden is still quite low, although monitoring is currently ongoing. This work describes potential sources for PFASs to enter the drinking water supply in Sweden and compares different occurrences of PFASs in raw and drinking water in the country. Moreover, the monitoring history, the legal situation, and remediation actions taken are presented. Finally, future challenges and the way forward in Sweden are discussed.