Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) seed germination affected by the application of gibberellins Germinación de semillas de anón (Annona squamosa L.) afectada por la aplicación de giberelinas (original) (raw)
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Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L., Annonaceae) seed germination: morphological and anatomical changes
The anon or sugar apple is a species of the Annona genus, widely distributed in the world and in Colombia and a fruit with great potential in domestic and international markets. However, the technical information related to the aspects of propagation and production is limited. In the present study, the morphological and anatomical changes during seed germination of the sugar apple were determined using histological techniques and photographic records. The results show that seed germination is a process that takes place in two stages: testa rupture and endosperm rupture-radicle protrusion. In the post-germination stages, the induction and formation of lateral roots that were endogenously produced from the primary root from the pericycle were seen. The endosperm underwent morphological changes that increased its volume during imbibition and degraded in the final stages of germination, which could be indicative of endosperm weakening and reduction of mechanical strength imposed by embr...
Physical and chemical methods to breach seed dormancy of sugar apple
Revista de Ciências Agrarias - Amazon Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 2013
Cultivation of sugar apple has increased in the Setentrional Amazon, but one of the problems for obtaining quality seedlings is related to overcoming dormancy of its seeds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of physical and chemical methods to break sugar apple seed dormancy. Ripe sugar apple fruit were collected from an orchard located in Boa Vista-RR, pulped and their seeds washed in running water and dried in the shade for 24 h. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a factorial 2 (0 and 1000 mg L-1 GA 3 = gibberellic acid) x 4 immersion times (0, 6, 12 and 24 h) x 2 (with and without scarification) with 4 replications and 50 seeds per replication. The seeds were then sown in beds under greenhouse-type shade with 50% brightness in soil and sand mixture (3:1 v / v) subtrate. The following were evaluated 30 days after sowing: percentage of emergence (%) and shoot growth after seedling emergence, at four-day intervals. At fifty-eight days after sowing, the shoot and root lengths, number of leaves, shoot and root dry matter were assessed. The highest sugar apple seedling emergence speed and growth rate were obtained when the seeds were subjected to the method of scarification and soaking in GA 3 for 12-24 h. Scarification and soaking in water for 24 h resulted in greater economy, practicality and financial savings.
The biological function of fruiting is to produce and disseminate seeds. However, seedless fruits have some advantages, including the ease of consumption and the increased added value of the final product and fruit quality. The present study aimed to evaluate the combined use of gibberellic acid (GA 3) and hand pollination with Annona squamosa pollen grains on fruit set and the physical and chemical parameters of 'Gefner' custard apple fruits. The experiment was performed in a commercial custard apple orchard in a randomized design, with 11 treatments, four replications and five plants per parcel. The treatments applied were as follows: (1) hand pollination with the pollen of sugar apple (HPPSA) (control); (2) HPPSA + 500 ppm GA 3 applied on the 1 st week after anthesis (WAA); (3) HPPSA + 500 ppm GA 3 applied on the 1 st and 3 rd WAA; (4) HPPSA + 500 ppm GA 3 applied on the 1 st , 3 rd and 5 th WAA; (5) HPPSA + 1,000 ppm GA 3 applied on the 1st WAA; (6) HPPSA + 1,000 ppm GA 3 applied on the 1 st and 3 rd WAA; (7) HPPSA + 1,000 ppm GA 3 applied on the 1 st , 3 rd and 5 th WAA; (8) 1,000 ppm GA 3 applied at flowering and on the 1 st and 3 rd WAA; (9) 1,000 ppm GA 3 applied at flowering and on the 1 st , 3 rd and 5 th WAA; (10) 1,500 ppm GA 3 applied at flowering and on the 1 st and 3 rd WAA, and (11) 1,500 ppm GA 3 applied at flowering and on the 1 st , 3 rd and 5 th WAA. A total of 20 plants were used. The harvest was performed at the 18 th WAA. The fruit set rate, number of seeds per fruit, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit mass, pulp mass, peel mass and fruit chemical characteristics were evaluated. The results were submitted to an analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test (P > 0.05). A significant difference among the treatments was not observed for fruit set, presenting an average of 77% at the 18 th WAA. Three applications of 500 ppm GA 3 plus hand pollination induced the production of fruits with increased length, diameter and mass. Fruits produced by hand pollination alone or combined with GA3 had a lower percentage of fruit peel. The use of 1,500 ppm of gibberellic acid is efficient for producing seedless fruits in custard apple with high physical and chemical parameters.