Assessment of iodine concentration in dietary salt at household level in Morocco (original) (raw)
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When we see about the awareness of the people in the world it is low due to that the peoples are suffered from goiter disease and other problems related to iodized and this problem are also faced in our country especially in Tigray Mekelle city. Despite numerous educational programmers to create awareness about iodized salt and iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), a survey conducted in the in Mekelle in 2012 revealed that the goiter rate stood at 18.8%; and 78.1% of households consumed iodized salt, which is below the goal of the IDD programme in Ethiopia which aimed at 90% household consumption of iodized salt by the end of 2015 and sustaining the gains by 2012. It was therefore, considered timely to investigate the knowledge levels and the extent of utilization of iodized salt among the people living in Mekelle, and with the lowest intake (76.4%) of iodized salt based on findings of the 2012 survey. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. It was conducted among a total of 280 household members, mainly in charge of meal preparation, who were interviewed using a structured interview guide. A combination of cluster and simple random sampling techniques was used to select the respondents from all the respondents' The study revealed that 75.6% of households in the district consumed iodized salt (including households described as occasional users of iodized salt), and knowledge of iodized salt was quite high, as 72% of the respondents knew that not every salt contained iodine. In addition, 69.3% indicated that an inadequate intake of iodized salt can lead to the development of goiter. Despite the high awareness level, only 64.6% of respondents indicated that they exclusively used iodized salt for cooking. The main reason given by exclusive users of common salt was that the price of iodized salt is a little higher than that of common salt. Although majority of the respondents are aware of the importance of iodized salt and iodine deficiency disorders, only 64.6% exclusively used iodized salt, suggesting that respondents' high knowledge levels did not necessarily translate into an increase in the number of households who used iodized salt. Existing laws and policies on universal salt iodization and quality assurance of iodized salt from the production stage to the distribution/selling stage should be enforced.
Nutrients, 2016
In the framework of a worldwide policy to eliminate iodine deficiency (ID) disorders, universal salt iodization was adopted in Tunisia two decades ago. The present study aims to evaluate this strategy, using both performance and impact indicators. A total of 1560 children, aged 6-12 years, were randomly sampled using a national, two-stage, stratified, cross-sectional cluster survey in 2012. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the subjects, and household salt iodine content, were analyzed. The national median UIC was 220 µg/L (95% confidence interval (CI): 199-241), indicating an acceptable iodine status at the population level. Only 11.4% (95% CI: 8.6-14.9) of the children had UIC <100 µg/L, but with large regional disparities (4.3% to 25.5%, p < 0.01); however, more than a quarter of the subjects were at risk of adverse health consequences due to iodine excess. Children from households of low socioeconomic levels were more prone to inadequate UIC. The national median iodine concentration of household salt was 22 mg/kg (95% CI: 21-23). Only half of the households used adequately iodized salt (15-25 ppm), with large regional disparities. National ID rates are now well below the target criteria of WHO (World Health Organization) certification (<20% of children with UIC <50 µg/L and <50% with UIC <100 µg/L). The coverage of adequately iodized salt fell short in meeting the goals of USI (Universal Salt Iodization), i.e., >90% of households. Regular monitoring of iodized salt production lines must be strengthened with involvement by producers.
The Use of Iodized Salt and Iodine Deficiency Disorders ( IDD ) : The Saudi Arabian Experience
2014
Salt iodization is the universal strategy for elimination of IDD, the quality of iodization program is crucial for achieving this goal. Iodine deficiency (ID) is the world’s leading cause of intellectual deficits and associated with increased prevalence of goiter. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) there is an acute scarcity in IDD data across the country. In this concern, the influence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) was comprehensively investigated. The study targeted school children aged between 6 to 12 years to establish baseline information for salt iodization and iodine deficiency disorders in the area. Iodine nutritional status of the targeted population was assessed by measuring of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) which was used also to define, indicate, survey and monitor ID. The results reveal that almost 100% of the households in Jazan area use iodized salt, however only 46.9% use it adequately. Therefore, overall median for the measured UIC is very high (420 μg/...
Nutrition and dietary supplements, 2021
Iodine deficiency disorders remain a major public health problem globally, and more than a quarter of the world's population is affected by this micronutrient deficiency. The problem is even worse in developing countries including Ethiopia, and the government has been implementing globally recommended universal salt iodization as one strategy to control iodine deficiency disorders. The objective of this study was to assess iodine content of salt used in households, and associated factors. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2017 in Gidami district, Western Ethiopia. A total of 470 household food caterers participated in the study by using random sampling method. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire and rapid iodized salt test kit to assess socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices and iodine content of the salt. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors of iodine level in the salt using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Results: Among the household salt samples, 83.6% were found to be iodized (>0ppm) while 29.8% (95% CI: 25.8, 33.9%) were found to be adequately iodized. Respondents who had formal education [AOR=1.82, 95% CI: (1.42, 3.53)], had an occupation [AOR=4.78, 95% CI: (1.55-14.73)], did not expose salt to sunlight [AOR=1.13, 95% CI: (1.10-1.27)] had good knowledge of iodized salt [AOR=1.184, 95% CI: (1.103, 1.328)], and had good practice regarding iodized salt [AOR=1.32, 95% CI: (1.717, 2.442)] were more likely to have adequately iodized salt at household level. Conclusion: According to this study, the availability of adequately iodized salt at household level was below global and national target of universal iodine utilization. This study suggested the importance of paying more attention to availability of iodine fortification and increasing awareness regarding the importance of iodized salt and potential factors such as utilization practice and handling of iodized salt.
International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research, 2014
IODINE (atomic mass unit 126.9) is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland 1. It is an essential micronutrient in human growth 2 and an essential component of thyroid hormones that is triiodothyronne (T3) and tetra iodothyronine (T4) 3. The WHO recommendation for adequate daily iodine intake of 150 micro gram per day for man and non pregnant, non lactating women, 250 microgram per day for pregnant and lactating womenand a daily intake of iodine of 90 micro gram for preschool children (0-59 months) ad 120 micro grams for school children (6-12 yrs) 4. When these physiological requirements are not met in a given population, a series of functional and developmental abnormalities occur. They are grouped under the general heading of "iodine deficiency disorders" or IDD 5. The term IDD was coined and became widely recognized as a spectrum of related disorders potentially affecting 1.5 billion individuals. Programmes against IDD have clear political appeal because its human, economic and social consequences could be averted by a low-cost intervention, USI. Since 1990, elimination of IDD has been an integral part of many national nutrition strategies 6. Salt iodization remains the most cost effective way of delivering iodine and of improving cognition in iodine-deficient populations 7. Worldwide the annual cost of salt iodization is estimated at US$ 0.02-0.05 per child covered; the costs per child death averted are US$ 1000 and per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) gained are US$34-36 8. Looked at in another way, before widespread salt iodization, the annual potential losses attributable to iodine deficiency in the developing world have been estimated to be US$35.7 billion as compared with an estimated US$0.5 billion annual cost for salt iodization, i.e. a 70:1 benefit cost ratio 9. Globally, since 1990 the number of households using iodized salt has risen from less than 20% to more than 70%, dramatically reducing iodine deficiency 10. This effect has been spurred by a coalition of international organizations, including the ICCIDD, WHO, the Micronutrient Initiative and UNICEF, working closely with national IDD control committees and the salt industry; this informal partnership was established after the world summit for children in 1990. It has been funded by Kiwanis International, the Gates Foundation and country aid programs. Currently, WHO estimates that nearly 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, including one third of all school age children 11. Almost one third of the population lives in areas of iodine deficiency 12. In India, despite intensive efforts to promote iodized salt, only about half of the population is covered, and coverage is especially poor in low socioeconomic populations 13, 14 .
Children, 2021
Historically, mountainous areas of Morocco have been affected by endemic goiter and severe iodine deficiency. In 1995, Morocco legislated salt iodization to reduce iodine deficiency. There has been no national survey of iodine nutrition in school-age children for nearly 3 decades. Our aim was to assess iodine nutrition in a national sample of 6–12-year-old children in Morocco to inform the national salt iodization strategy. In this cross-sectional household-based survey, we randomly recruited healthy 6–12-year-old children from 180 clusters in four geographic zones (north and east, central, north and south) covering the 12 regions of Morocco. A questionnaire was completed, including socio-economic status and parental level of education. In addition, anthropometric measurements were taken to assess nutrition status, and a spot urine sample was collected to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC). A total of 3118 households were surveyed, and 1043 eligible children were recruited, ...
Public Health Nutrition, 2017
Objective: Low iodine intakes are associated with goitre and other iodinedeficiency disorders (IDD) that have affected billions of people worldwide. We aimed to assess total goitre rate (TGR) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in schoolchildren between 2007 and 2015, percentage of iodized salt consumption by households, and salt iodine content at production, distribution and household levels in northwest Iran. Design/Setting/Subjects: UIC assessed among schoolchildren in nine consecutive years; 240 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years selected by systematic random sampling each year in the West Azerbaijan Province. Results: Median UIC was >100 μg/l in all years. More than 50 % of children had iodine deficiency (UIC ≤ 99 μg/l) in 2010 and 2011, while this rate was approximately 15-35 % in other years. Proportion with UIC below 50 μg/l was <20 % in all years except 2010 and 2011. Excessive UIC (≥300 μg/l) rate was between 5•4 and 27•5 %. TGR decreased from 44 % in 1996 to 7•6 % and 0•4 % in 2001 and 2007, respectively. Regular surveys from 2002 to 2015 showed that 98 % or more of households consumed iodized salt. Iodine level ≥20 ppm was observed in 87•5, 83 and 73 % of salt at production, distribution and household level, respectively (data from national study in 2007). The last national study in 2014 showed that median iodine level in household salt was 27 ppm. Conclusions: Our focused data suggest that the universal salt iodization programme is improving the iodine status of schoolchildren in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Reduction of TGR to less than 5 % in schoolchildren indicates successful elimination of IDD as a major public health problem.
2020
BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency is known as a major nutritional health problem in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine salt intake, salt storage, and urinary iodine in households of Markazi Province, Iran, in 2014. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 440 households of 11 cities in Markazi Province in 2014 were selected through a multistage random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about the type of salt used and awareness about salt storage. Parameters of salts were measured by taking the samples from household salt. Simultaneously, urinary iodine was measured via samples from the elementary students in the household. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Of 440 households, 225 households (58.0%) used iodized refined salt. Approximately, 60.0% of households were aware of the correct way of salt storage. The mean urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of children was 19.2 ± 18.3 μg/l. The average iodine concentration...
Nutrition Journal
Objectives: This study was conducted to assess household coverage with iodized salt in Saudi Arabia, and to determine adequacy of salt iodization. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study using WHO 30-cluster survey methodology. Results: Analysis of 4242 salt samples using qualitative rapid test kit (RTK) revealed that 68.7% (95% CI 67.3-70.1%) were iodized with significant regional differences (p < 0.001). The highest iodized salt samples came from Makkah (82.3%), Riyadh (81.1%) and Maddinah (76.2%) regions, while the least iodized salt samples came from Hail (31.3%), Baha (53.0%), and Northern Borders (57.5%) regions. The national weighted proportion of households consuming iodizes salt was 69.8% (95% CI 69.4-71.2), which is below the Universal Salt Iodization (USI) goal (≥90% coverage). For validation, a quantitative iodometric titration method was used to analyze 775 representative salt samples screened iodized by RTK; iodine content of ≥15 ppm was found in 95.2% (95% CI 93.9-96.5) of samples with median iodine content 51 ppm (mean 50.4 ± 21.8). More than 70% of the iodized salt samples contained iodine concentration higher than the recommended national level (15-40 ppm). Conclusions: The study revealed inadequate consumption of iodized salt among Saudi households and explored marked regional heterogeneity. The majority of iodized salt samples contained iodine concentration more than the recommended level. These findings imply the need to launch a public awareness campaign on use of iodized salt. Legislation to ban production and sale of non-iodized salt sale for human consumption might be considered. A well-functioning monitoring system at factory level and surveillance system are crucially needed to ensure proper salt iodization and intake.