Infection of Vascular Prostheses (original) (raw)
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Prosthetic vascular graft infection: A risk factor analysis using a case–control study
Journal of Infection, 2006
Objectives: Several factors have been anecdotally reported to increase the risk of prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI), a serious complication with high mortality and limb amputation rates. The goal of this study is to confirm purported risk factors using a well-designed statistical model. Methods: Patients undergoing vascular graft placement at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1, 1982 and December 31, 2002 were retrospectively evaluated, excluding redo cases. PVGI cases had to meet one of the following criteria: perigraft air or fluid O8 weeks postoperatively, positive Gram stain or cultures of graft or perigraft material, intraoperative gross purulence, failure of graft incorporation, or exposed graft. Each case had two controls matched for age, gender and date of surgery. Duration of follow-up for a given control had to be at least equal to the time to infection of the corresponding case. Demographic and other clinical data were collected for each patient. Results: Fifty-one cases and 102 controls met the inclusion criteria. Median age was 68 years. Staphylococcal species were identified in 45% of the total number of cases, and 60% of cases with a recovered organism. Univariate analysis identified groin incision, wound complication and wound infection as significant risk factors for PVGI (p!0.005 for all three factors). After adjusting for age and surgery date, multivariate analysis confirmed the statistical significance of groin incision and wound infection as risk factors for PVGI. Conclusions: This is the first published risk factor analysis that includes statistical evaluation in a case-control study of PVGI. Groin incision, wound complication, and wound infection are significantly associated with developing PVGI. These findings will assist in identifying patients at increased risk of developing subsequent infection.
Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection: A Multi-Center Review of Surgical Management
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 2007
A multi-center retrospective review of major prosthetic graft infection outcomes was undertaken to determine graft preservation and limb salvage rates. The management of infected prosthetic vascular grafts continues to be controversial. The purpose of this study was to review the surgical management of major extracavitary prosthetic vascular graft infections and to correlate the outcomes on the basis of bacteriology and grade. The change in patient population seen by vascular surgeons and the recent emergence of more virulent bacterial strains should influence surgical management. Bacteriology and severity of infection based on grade must play a greater role in the selection criteria for graft salvage. Despite advancement in the understanding of these interactions and the emergence of new management algorithms, we are continuing to operate without a uniform standard in managing this difficult and rapidly evolving clinical problem.
Complex treatment of vascular prostheses infections
Medicine, 2018
Infections after vascular reconstructions are very rare; however, when they occur, they are associated with a high risk of morbidity. In order to obtain the best results possible, the treatment needs to be initiated as early as possible, from the very first signs of infection, and it needs to be carried out in centers specializing in vascular surgery. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence of infections in a single university center. This retrospective analysis over a 2-year period is based on the medical reports of hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with infection following revascularization. From 2013 to 2014, a number of 151 open reconstructive surgical procedures were performed. 15 patients suffered from infection (10%) of the vascular reconstruction. Of these patients, 40% have had an aorto-bifemoral bypass, 53%-a femoro-popliteal bypass, and 7% (n = 1)-an axillo-femoral bypass. According to the Samson classification, the patients were categorized as follows: group 2: 6 cases, group 3: 2 cases, group 4: 4 cases, and group 5: 3 cases. The most frequent bacteria found were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (n = 6, 40%), followed by S aureus (n = 5, 33%). The treatment options were: application of antibiotics alone without any invasive treatment in 3 patients, local irrigation and debridement in 6 patients, complete explantation of the prosthesis with a new extra-anatomic bypass in 6 cases, and partial excision of the prosthesis, which was replaced and covered with muscle flap, in 3 cases. The amputation rate in our study was 18%, which corresponds to the rates published in the literature. The treatment of infections in vascular surgery needs to be complex and adapted to each individual patient, because infections being in a permanent dynamic state. The treatment needs to be performed in specialized centers that have large experience in vascular surgery, in order for the patient to have the best chances of survival and protection from amputation. Abbreviations: CDC = Center for Disease Control, CT = computer tomography, MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, NPWT = negative pressure wound therapy, PET-CT = positron emission tomography and computer tomography, PTFE = polytetraflourethylen, VAC = vacuum assisted closure.
Infection of Vascular Prostheses: A Comprehensive Review
Prosthesis
Vascular graft or endograft infection (VGEI) is a complex disease that complicates vascular-surgery and endovascular-surgery procedures and determines high morbidity and mortality. This review article provides the most updated general evidence on the pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VGEI. Several microorganisms are involved in VGEI development, but the most frequent one, responsible for over 75% of infections, is Staphylococcus aureus. Specific clinical, surgical, radiologic, and laboratory criteria are pivotal for the diagnosis of VGEI. Surgery and antimicrobial therapy are cornerstones in treatment for most patients with VGEI. For patients unfit for surgery, alternative treatment is available to improve the clinical course of VGEI.
Mechanism of late prosthetic vascular graft infection
Cardiovascular Surgery, 1997
This study was a retrospective analysis of 41 patients with late prosthetic graft infections (> 30 days after operation) from six hospitals in the southwest of England. The 41 patients had a median age of 66 years and generally accepted risk factors for infection were documented in 19 patients preoperatively. Thirteen patients had postoperative wound complications and three had early reoperation at the site of subsequent infection. The median time between index operation and symptoms of infection was 10 (range 1-224) months. Abscess (46%) was the most common presentation followed by false aneurysm (20%) and graft thrombosis (20%). All patients had reoperations (median two per patient, range one to seven). Seven (17%) patients died and 10 (24%) required a major amputation. Bacteria were isolated from retrieved grafts in 23/41 patients (high virulence 14, low virulence nine) and the most frequent organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis (nine patients). In the majority of cases the aetiology of the late infections in this series was consistent with bacterial implantation at the index operation, but in four cases bacteraemia or intraperitoneal spread was more likely. Dental-type antibiotic prophylaxis would not have prevented any of the infections in this study. Aggressive treatment of recognized sources of infection in patients with vascular grafts is imperative.
Swiss Medical Weekly, 2013
Vascular procedures are rarely complicated by infection, but if prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) occurs, morbidity and mortality are high. Several patient-related, surgery-related and postoperative risk factors are reported, but they are not well validated. PVGI is due to bacterial colonisation of the wound and the underlying prosthetic graft, generally as a result of direct contamination during the operative procedure, mainly from the patient's skin or adjacent bowel. There is no consensus on diagnostic criteria or on the best management of PVGI. On the basis of reported clinical studies and our own experience, we advocate a surgical approach combining repeated radical local debridement, with graft preservation whenever possible or partial excision of the infected graft, depending on its condition, plus simultaneous negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT). In addition, antimicrobial therapy is recommended, but there is no consensus on which classes of agent are adequate for the treatment of PVGI and whether certain infections may be treated by means of NPWT alone. Since staphylococci and Gram-negative rods are likely to be isolated, empirical treatment might include a penicillinase-resistant beta-lactam or a glycopeptide, plus an aminoglycoside, the latter for Gram-negative coverage and synergistic treatment of Gram-positive cocci. Additionally, empirical treatment might include rifampicin since it penetrates well into biofilms.
Journal of Vascular Surgery, 1995
Purpose: The purpose was to determine the early and late mortality and morbidity rates associated with infrainguinal arterial prosthetic graft infection (IAPGI) and to identify optimal methods of management. Methods: The study included 53 men and 14 women (mean age, 61 years) in whom a total of 68 IAPGIs developed in the years 1959 to 1993. IAPGI involved 58 femoropopliteal grafts ( 85 %), six femorodistal grafts (9%), and four other grafts or synthetic patches (6%). Graft material was dacron in 36 (53%), polytetrafluoroethylene in 28 (41%), and human umbilical vein in four (6%). Sixteen IAPGIs (24%) involved limbs that had required amputations before IAPGI was diagnosed. Twenty-six (38%) of the 68 grafts were thrombosed, and 14 (88%) of the 16 amputees had occluded grafts. Results: Staphylococcal organisms were isolated from 34 (58%) of the 59 IAPGIs for which culture data were available. The median intervals until IAPGI was diagnosed were 3 months after implantation and 1 month after the last procedure involving the original graft. Initial management consisted of local measures only in 13 (19%), partial removal or in situ graft replacement in 15 (22%), and total graft excision in 40 (59%). Total excision was performed in 15 (94%) of the 16 patients with prior amputations and in only 25 (48%) of the 52 intact limbs. The overall postoperative mortality rate was 18%; seven (58%) of the 12 early deaths were related to sepsis, and all 12 occurred within the group of 51 patients (24%) for whom limb salvage was still being attempted (20 = 0.056). IAPGI ultimately led to amputations in 21 (40%) of 52 intact limbs within the first year. Twenty-three (82%) of the 28 IAPGIs managed with incomplete graft removal required subsequent operations for continued sepsis, compared with five (13%) of the 40 treated with complete excision (p < 0.001). The cumulative 5-year survival rate (77%) for 53 patients who survived operation was less than that (89%) for the normal, age-matched U.S. male population. Conclusions: IAPGI is associated with substantial early mortality and amputation rates. Complete excision of infected graft material results in a significant reduction in the incidence of recurrent sepsis. (J VASC SURG 1995;21:782-91.) One of the most serious complications associated with the use of prosthetic material for vascular reconstruction is infection involving the synthetic graft. The reported incidence ofinfrainguinal arterial From the