An Analogue Mission in Support of Moonrise and Other Sample Return Missions to the South Pole-Aitken Basin (original) (raw)
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1st Space Exploration Conference: Continuing the Voyage of Discovery, 2005
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Return to the Moon: Looking Glass 204
AIAA Proceedings.[np]. …, 2009
As we lay down plans and ramp up development of transportation systems for returning people to the Moon, alternative concepts are being proposed for activities to conduct there in order to gain the experience necessary to prepare for more ambitious human interplanetary expeditions to Mars and beyond. Fully employing NASA's Constellation transportation systems such as the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle and the Altair Lunar Lander as baseline elements, the USC ASTE527 Return to the Moon: Looking Glass 204 Project pondered the following question: What activities precisely can we do on the Moon, with crew and robots, that can immediately (very short timeframe-2015-2040) benefit not only the science and engineering community, but also humanity as a whole, on a permanent basis ? The establishment of a sturdy cislunar communications system followed by critical crew rescue capability in the proximity of a primary lunar habitat are seen as the foundation blocks for this architecture. Once the foundation is reliably established, essential physical infrastructure to support the emplacement of a suite of permanent, evolvable observatories, long-range traverses to conduct geology and astrobiology, and critical crew support were addressed. Manned, pressurized rovers are essential in order for crew to access observatory sites to set up, calibrate and evolve these man tended facilities which are located along the proposed traverse route. Rovers and crew are also needed to deploy, service and evolve science payloads that are autonomously landed far apart in remote regions of the lunar globe. Participants were tasked to create their own system concepts, which they thought were useful. They presented material on pertinent concepts listed below: 1.
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Sample return from the surface of planetary bodies are both complementary to orbital and in situ observations and provide a unique perspective for understanding the nature and evolution of that body. The Moon exemplifies this concept. The study of samples returned by the Apollo and Luna missions revolutionized our fundamental understanding of planetary formation and evolution. It is our contention that sample return from regions of the Moon unsampled by Apollo will reveal still many more exciting scientific treasures concerning the evolution of the Earth-Moon system and the solar system. The Moon is a natural laboratory for the study of planetary geological processes (i.e. formation of large impact basins, regolith evolution, volatile reservoirs and transport on airless planetary bodies), it provides us with a record of the history of the Sun and other terrestrial planets including the Earth (i.e. early planetary differentiation, impact history of the inner solar system, composition and intensity of early solar and cosmic irradiation), it presents us with a guide for interpreting how planets work and evolve (i.e. internal structure, thermal and magmatic evolution), and its proximity enables us to use it as a stepping stone to understanding the Earth-Moon environment from which life arose and the direction humans could progress in exploring the rest of the solar system. There are numerous targets on the Moon that can be explored and sampled to gain a better understanding of these important scientific themes.
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Selected in 2019 as a NASA SIMPLEx mission, Lunar Trailblazer is in implementation for flight system delivery at the end of 2022. The mission's goal is to understand the form, abundance, and distribution of water on the Moon and the lunar water cycle. Lunar Trailblazer also collects data of candidate landing sites to inform planning for future human and robotic exploration of the Moon and evaluate the potential for in situ resource utilization. Lunar Trailblazer's two science instruments, the High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM 3) and the Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM) provide simultaneous high-resolution spectral imaging data to map OH/water, crustal composition, and thermophysical properties from a 100±30 km lunar polar orbit. The ~210-kg flight system deploys from an ESPA Grande and utilizes a ~1000 m/s ΔV hydrazine chemical propulsion system, similar to that employed by GRAIL. Trailblazing elements include the novel state-of-the-art dataset collected at substantially reduced price point, fully geographically co-registered data products delivered to the Planetary Data System, planetary mission team demographics, Caltech campus mission operations, and student staffing of select mission ops roles. Lunar Trailblazer's pioneering development is providing key lessons learned for future planetary small spacecraft.
Back to the Moon: The scientific rationale for resuming lunar surface exploration
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The lunar geological record has much to tell us about the earliest history of the Solar System, the origin and evolution of the Earth-Moon system, the geological evolution of rocky planets, and the near-Earth cosmic environment throughout Solar System history. In addition, the lunar surface offers outstanding opportunities for research in astronomy, astrobiology, fundamental physics, life sciences and human physiology and medicine. This paper provides an interdisciplinary review of outstanding lunar science objectives in all of these different areas. It is concluded that addressing them satisfactorily will require an end to the 40-year hiatus of lunar surface exploration, and the placing of new scientific instruments on, and the return of additional samples from, the surface of the Moon. Some of these objectives can be achieved robotically (e.g. through targeted sample return, the deployment of geophysical networks, and the placing of antennas on the lunar surface to form radio telescopes). However, in the longer term, most of these scientific objectives would benefit significantly from renewed human operations on the lunar surface. For these reasons it is highly desirable that current plans for renewed robotic surface exploration of the Moon are developed in the context of a future human lunar exploration programme, such as that proposed by the recently formulated Global Exploration Roadmap.
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This paper describes a high fidelity mission concept systems testbed at JPL, called Lunar Surface Operations Testbed (LSOT). LSOT provides a unique infrastructure that enables mission concept studies designers to configure and demonstrate end-to-end surface operations using existing JPL mission operations and ground support tools, Lander, robotic arm, stereo cameras, flight software, and soil simulant (regolith), in a high fidelity functional testbed. This paper will describe how LSOT was used to support the MoonRise mission concept study. MoonRise: Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return Mission would place a lander in a broad basin near the moon's South Pole and return approximately two pounds of lunar materials to Earth for study. MoonRise was one of three candidate missions competing to be selected as the third mission for NASA's New Frontiers Program of Solar System Explorations. LSOT was used to demonstrate JPL's extensive experience and understanding of the MoonRise Lander capabilities, design maturity, surface operations systems engineering issues, risks and challenges.
Acta Astronautica, 2018
Returning to the Moon has kept gaining interest lately in the scientific community as a mandatory step for answering a cohort of key scientific questions. This paper presents a novel Lunar mission design to demonstrate enabling technologies for deep-space exploration, in accordance with the Global Exploration Roadmap and the National Research Council. This mission, named ALCIDES, takes advantage of some of the systems that are currently under development as a part of the HERACLES exploration architecture: these include the Orion module, the Space Exploration Vehicle, the Boeing Reusable Lander, the Ariane 6, the Falcon Heavy, the Space Launch System, as well as the Evolvable Deep-Space Habitat placed in EML2. A consistent part of the efforts in designing the ALCIDES mission accounts for innovative exploration scenarios: by analysing state of the art in robotics and planetary exploration, we introduce a mission architecture in which robots and humans collaborate to achieve several tasks, both autonomously and through cooperation. During this mission, high-performance mobility, extravehicular activity and habitation capabilities would be carried out and implemented. This project aims to demonstrate the human capability to live and work in the Lunar environment through the development of a long-term platform. We selected the Amundsen-Ganswindt basin as the landing site for multiple reasons: the possible presence of permanently shadowed regions, its position within the South Pole and its proximity to the Schrödinger basin. The main objectives of the ALCIDES mission are to study the Lunar cold trap volatiles, to gain understanding of the Lunar highlands geology through sampling and in-situ measurements and to study Human-Robotic interactions. In addition, factors such as psychology, legal issues and outreach regarding this mission were also considered. In particular, four traverses connecting the Amundsen crater with the Schrödinger basin were proposed, three of which to be performed by a tele-operated rover, and the remaining one to be carried out by a human crew with rover assistance. During these traverses, the rover will collect samples from several points of interest as well as perform insitu measurements with a suite of instruments on board, helping to locate a convenient place for future human habitation. The ALCIDES mission results will help the scientific community to better understand the Moon and to take advantage of its resources for future space exploration. Gaining this knowledge will allow us to move forward in the development of systems and capabilities for manned missions to Mars and beyond.