Susceptibility to malaria during the prevention of re-establishment phase in Sri Lanka (original) (raw)
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Malaria Journal, 2016
Background: Malaria was an endemic problem in Mannar and Trincomalee districts of Sri Lanka until the recent past. Currently, no local case has been found since October 2012. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify existing demographic, epidemiological and socio-cultural factors in Mannar and Trincomalee districts of Sri Lanka, since there is limited information available on the potential influence of above variables responsible for low malaria transmission. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional survey was carried out on selected demographic, epidemiological and socioeconomic variables in 32 localities under eight sentinel sites (Each sentinel with four localities) using a predefined questionnaire during June-September 2012. Household heads of 45 houses from each locality were selected randomly to participate in the present study. Data were analysed using the Paired Chi Square test and Bray-Curtis method. Results: A total of 1440 household heads were interviewed. Both districts indicated statistically acceptable similarities (p > 0.05) in age structure, gender, family size and presence of animals. The knowledge on malaria was observed under "Poor" category. The protective measures against mosquito bites, spraying status of houses and occupation pattern were varied significantly in both districts (p < 0.05). Educational level was statistically similar (p > 0.05) in both districts. Majority of the families were identified as living in "Moderate" house type under low economic condition. Both populations were indicated 85 % similarity according to Bray-Curtis analysis. Conclusion: Lack of awareness in these communities about the disease may facilitate to the re-emerge of malaria.
Malaria journal, 2018
Household and environmental factors are reported to influence the malaria endemicity of a place. Hence, a careful assessment of these factors would, potentially help in locating the possible areas under risk to plan and adopt the most suitable and appropriate malaria control strategies. A cross-sectional household survey was carried out in the study site, Besant Nagar, Chennai, through random sampling method from February 2014 to February 2015. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess selected variables of demography, structural particulars of a household, usage of repellents, animals on site, presence of breeding habitats and any mosquito/vector breeding in the household, malaria/vector control measures undertaken by government in each houses. The data was collected through one to one personal interview method, statistically analysed overall and compared between the households/people infected with malaria within a period of 1 year and their non-infecte...
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF MALARIA
Malaria and other mosquito borne diseases impose health problem particularly in Tropics. Transmission of malaria depends on both climate and socioeconomic variables. Our study is a survey among the population of Chitpur and
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2010
This thesis identifies, inter alia, the socioeconomic factors that affect malaria incidence at both the household and district levels and investigates how these differ across rural and urban settlement-types. In addition, state level data for India are used to examine the effect of aggregate income relative to that of public health expenditure on malaria incidence. The household and district-level analysis focuses on the state of Uttar Pradesh and exploits the National Family Health Survey, which is the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) for India, for two time periods-1992-93 and 1998-99-and combines these data with the district-level census data for 1991 and 2001. A key theme of the micro-level analyses is whether household wealth exerts a negative impact on malaria incidence. Wealth is measured using the DHS data by constructing a consumer durable asset-index by Principal Components Analysis and malaria incidence was modelled using a probability model. The household-level analysis reveals that the relationship between socioeconomic status and malaria incidence is not always negative. For example, owning a water pump, indicative of a higher socioeconomic status, has a positive impact on malaria incidence and being of a lower caste has a negative impact. Variables that support the negative socioeconomic status and health relationship include having an electricity connection in the house, having access to a protected public drinking water supply rather than an open source, and living farther away from open water sources. The aggregate (or panel data) analysis was undertaken using data for 15 states in India covering the time period 1978 to 2000. The aggregate analysis reveals that income has a DPhils are meant to be long journeys, but this one seems to have taken longer than most. Needless to say, I had the support of numerous individuals in helping me through this thesis. Above all, I am very grateful to my supervisors, Dr Barry Reilly, Dr Julie Litchfield and Prof Mike Sumner. I am indebted to Dr Reilly for his impeccable mentoring, endless patience, and refreshing sense of humour. He is no doubt the best teacher I have ever had and is a wonderful person. He patiently guided me through numerous drafts, enhanced my econometric skills, provided very good comments, and took the time to discuss the smallest detail even on the phone once I was based in Indonesia. Dr Litchfield gave me a lot of encouragement at the beginning of the DPhil and with enrolling for the programme. She continued to be warm, friendly, and approachable and gave very useful comments. She also helped me financially by finding bits and pieces of work for me at the Poverty Research Unit and in teaching. Prof Sumner, along with Dr Litchfield, saw me through the research proposal phase before he retired. I benefited from excellent comments and the many discussions we had at this stage. I cannot thank my supervisors enough for their support when I had a prolonged back problem and could not work on the DPhil for a long time. I thank Dr Howard White for his comments on the rural analysis of this thesis. I thank the Richard Stapley Trust for giving me small grants for two consecutive years. I am very grateful to Dr Sonia Bhalotra for her rather quick response to my emails and guiding me to the source for the panel data I have used in this work. I must also mention the fantastic collection of the National Medical Library at Bethesda. It is perhaps the best organised library I have been to. Dr Rastogi at the WHO, New Delhi office, also provided me very promptly with the malaria incidence data I needed. I also thank my friend Asim for sending me all the census data I needed for this DPhil via email just a few hours after I requested him for it and Ritu for bringing over some of the data I needed on her visit v vi to the US. Thanks Leonardo for introducing me to Latex and giving me several lessons, making it very easy to compile the thesis. I also thank Rafael for helping me with one of Stata's programmes. I am grateful for the calm company of one of my best friends, Yoko, in the initial years at Sussex and then in Washington DC, for her encouragement, and for her comments. My friends, Kaushik, Chiranjeev, and Mari also commented on some parts and on rather short notice. Thanks also to Yamini, who found the first piece of literature on socioeconomic factors affecting malaria for me in one of Delhi's medical libraries. My mother, my sisters, Asbah and Yasmin, and my brother, Aamir, gave me constant support and encouragement. It would not have been possible for me to enroll for the programme without the financial support of my brother who also continued to support me later. Thank you Ana for your encouragement and Meenakshi, Mudita, Kirsty, Tashi, Annika, and Elaine for your support. Yunib, Shalu, the three little Zs, my Aunt and Uncle, Pedro, Caitlin, Pooja, Jakob, Laia, Estrella, and Gonzalo accommodated me in my many visits to England. Thanks so much for your hospitality. This note would be incomplete without mentioning TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) where I spent six years of my work life before enrolling for the DPhil at Sussex. I owe my interest in development and in pursuing the DPhil to the work I did there. At TERI I also found some of my best and lasting friends, many of whom are mentioned here. Thanks, Kiko, for bearing with this seemingly never-ending piece of work on a day to day basis, commenting on various parts of the thesis, supporting me, and motivating me. And thank you Minah for your help with my children, Izan and Alba. I dedicate this thesis to my father who believed in education for the sake of education and whose strong sense of ideals and a principled, courageous stand on numerous subjects has left an indelible mark on us.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON HOUSEHOLD FACTORS INFLUENCING ANNUAL EPISODES OF MALARIA
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1998
In an 18-month study of malaria in a population of 1,875 residents in 423 houses in an endemic area in southern Sri Lanka, the risk of malaria was found to be 2.5-fold higher in residents of poorly constructed houses than in those living in houses of good construction type. In residents of poorly constructed houses but not in others, the risk was even greater when the house was located near a source of water that could act as a potential breeding place for malaria vector mosquitoes (P = 0.0001). Based on previous findings that confirmed that house construction type was itself a risk determinant, and not merely a marker of other behavioral factors, we have estimated the potential impact of two feasible interventions to reduce the risk of malaria: 1) the imposition of a buffer zone of 200 meters around bodies of water from which houses of poor construction were excluded, which was estimated to lead to a 21% reduction of the malaria incidence in the overall population and a 43% reducti...
Socio-economic & household risk factors of malaria in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, central India
2014
Background & objectives: Malaria is a major public health problem in many states of the country, particularly, in Madhya Pradesh where both Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum are endemic. Although many studies have been conducted to investigate risk factors for malaria, but only a few have examined household and socio-economic risk factors. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to explore the relationship of different socio-demographic, socio-economic and behavioural risk factors with malaria prevalence in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, India. Methods: This study was undertaken in all 62 villages of Bargi Primary Health Centre from May 2005 to June 2008. These villages comprised 7117 households with an average family size of five members. fortnightly fever surveys were conducted in all villages to assess prevalence of malaria infection in the community. The distinct univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted on the data set. Results: The important soc...
Incidence of malaria among various rural socio-economic households
2012
It is shown from the literatures that malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted by an Anopheles mosquito. The disease that is prevalent in the tropical or sub-tropical climates. In Nigeria, malaria causes the death of an estimated 250,000 children under the age of five every year. The study aimed at applying multi-linear regression method to analyse the socio-economic factors associated with malaria incidence among various socio-economic households in rural areas taking Akinyele local government as a case study. Using systematic and simple random sampling methods, 387 respondents are interviewed through the administration of structured questionnaire. Regression result shows a strong significant relationship between malaria incidence and socio-economic characteristics of respondents within the various households (R=0.258 at P<0.05). The regression model shows that household size β=0.258 at p<0.05 and religion β=0.123 at p<0.05 are the major significant fa...
Risk factors for malaria: a microepidemiological study in a village in Sri Lanka
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1998
Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors for malaria were studied in a village in Sri Lanka. Over a period of one year, all 49 households in the village were visited every alternate day to obtain information on malaria episodes. Information on risk factors was obtained through questionnaires and direct observations. Age below 17 years (relative risk [RR]=l.66,95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.18-2.35), use of bed nets (RRz0.16, 95% CI 0.05-0.45) and traditional fumigants (RR=O.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.93) were independent predictors of malaria. People using anti-mosquito pyrethrum coils had a higher risk for malaria than people living in houses where they were not used (RR= 1.46,95% CI 1.03-2.07). The build-up ofAnopheZes culicifacies populations before the start of the transmission season had taken place in a stream near the village. Living close to the stream was a risk factor for malaria early in the transmission season, although this did not reach statistical significance (comparing <250 m with >500 m, RR=2.13, 95% CI 0.96-4.7 1).