Reconsidering a proportional system of timber-frame structures through ancient mathematics books: (original) (raw)

Abstract

The mathematics references in ancient China, the Zhoubi Suanjing and the Jiuzhang Suanshu, present information on formative ideas of ancient people and their perception of objects. The introduction to the Yingzao Fashi mentions mathematical sources, including the Zhoubi Suanjing. Both of these books focus on the philosophical concept of Tianyuan difang (Heaven is round and Earth is square), as well as inscribed and circumscribed circles. The square root of 2(√2), which can be derived from this part, proves to be an essential criterion for building, seen in Korea, China, and Japan. Using the exemplary Koryŏ building, the Muryangsujŏn Hall at Pusŏksa Buddhist Monastery, this thesis shows that the standard ground plan width of the outermost bay has a √2 ratio to the central bay width. Its cross-section, likewise, proves that √2 times or twice the distance or height (relying on the height of the eave columns) are applied to the distance or height between each column and purlin in the application of arithmetic and geometric concepts. In the future, this work will be a reference for the reconstruction design of ancient buildings prior to the Koryŏ period, analogous to the Muryangsujŏn Hall.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (41)

  1. Carnap, R. 1995. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. New York: Dover Publications.
  2. Cha, J. 2014. "Chungguk Myŏngdae Ijŏn Kŏnch'ukkwa Pusŏksa Muryangsujŏn Chŏn'gakpugujo T'ŭkchinge Kwanhan Yŏn'gu [A Study on the Structural Characteristics between the Corner Parts in the Pusŏksa Muryangsujŏn Hall and the Wood Buildings in the Pre-Ming Era in china]." Taehan'gonch'ukhakhoe Nonmunjip [The Journal of the Architectural Institute of korea] 30 (5): 131-142.
  3. Cha, J. 2016. "Pusŏksa Muryangsujŏn Ch'ŭngmyŏn Chibungbu Kyŏlgu Kusŏngbangsige Kwanhan Chaego - Chungguk Wŏndaeijŏn Mokchogŏnch'ukkwaŭi Pigyorŭl Chungsimŭro [A Study on the Lateral Roof Constructions Method in the Pusŏksa -Focusing on the Comparison with Wooden Architecture during the Yuan Era in china]." Munhwajae 49 (No. 3): 78-103.
  4. Chen, M. 2007. Jixian Dulesi [Dule Monastery in Ji county]. Tianjin: Tianjindaxue chubanshe.
  5. Chen, Z. 1984. Zhongguo Tianwenxue Shi [A History of Chinese astronomy]. Vol. 3. Shanghai: Shaghai Renmin Chubanshe.
  6. Cheng, Z., and R. Wen. 2012. Zhoubi Suanjing Yizhu [The Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of heaven]. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.
  7. Chŏng, I. 1974. Han'gukkŏnch'ug Yangsingnon [Stylistic Theory of Korean architecture]. Sŏul: Ilchisa.
  8. Chungang ilbo. 1999. "Sillasidae cha(尺) palgyŏn [Discovery of a ruler in the Silla period]," December 21.
  9. Cullen, C. 2007. Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China: The 'Zhou Bi Suan Jing.'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. 2002. Pusŏksa Muryangsujŏn Chŏngmilsilch'ŭk Chosabogosŏ [A Precision Measurement Survey Report of Pusŏksa muryangsujŏn]. Daejeon: Munhwajaech'ŏng.
  10. Fu, X. 1998. Fu Xinian Jianzhushi Lunwenji [Paper Collection of Fu Xinian's Work on Architectural History].. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe.
  11. Fu, X. 2004. Zhongguo Gudai Jianzhu Shilun [Ten Discussions on Ancient Chinese architecture]. Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe.
  12. Fu, X., N. Steinhardt, and A. Harrer. 2017. Traditional Chinese Architecture: Twelve Essays. N.J: Princeton University Press.
  13. Guo, S. 2009. Jiuzhang Suanshu Yizhu [The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical art]. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe.
  14. Han, J. 2002. "Yeongju Pusŏksa Muryangsujŏn-ŭi Wŏnhyŏngbojŏnŭl Wihan Surigiroge Kwanhan Yŏn'gu [A Study on the Repair Record for the Conservation of Original Shape of the Pusŏksa Muryangsujŏn Hall in yeongju]." Taehan'gonch'ukhakhoe Nonmunjip [The Journal of the Architectural Institute of korea] 18 (9): 139-148.
  15. Han, J. 2012. "Paekche Mirŭksa Chungmunp'yŏngmyŏn'gwa Kujo [Plan and Structure of the Middle-gate in Mireuksaji Temple site]." Taehan'gonch'ukhakhoe Nonmunjip [The Journal of the Architectural Institute of korea] 28 (1): 195-206.
  16. Han'gukpulgyoyŏn'guwŏn. 1988. Pusŏksa. Sŏul: Ilchisa.
  17. Kang, S., and C. Yun. 2006. "Pulguksa Kŭngnakchŏn Kaguhyŏngsik Pogwŏne Kwanhan Yŏn'gu [The Reconstruction of an Ancient Wooden Structural Building]." Taehan'gonch'ukhakhoe Nonmunjip [The Journal of the Architectural Institute of korea] 22 (6): 209-218.
  18. Kim, D. 2014. "Such'ibunsŏgŭl T'ongan Pusŏksa Muyangsujŏnŭi P'yŏngmyŏn'gwa Tanmyŏn T'ŭksŏnge Kwanhan Yŏn'gu [A Study on the Proportional Characteristics of the Floor Plan and Section in Muryangsujeon of Buseok temple]." Taehan'gonch'ukhakhoe Nonmunjip [The Journal of the Architectural Institute of korea] 30 (5): 143-152.
  19. Kim, W. 2007. Algisshwiun Han'gukkŏnch'uk Yongŏsajŏn [A Dictionary for an Easy-to-understand Korean Construction glossary]. Seoul: Tongnyŏk.
  20. Kim, Y., and K. Pak. 2008. "T'ongilsillasidae Kŏnmulchie Chŏgyongdoen Ch'ŏktoe Kwanhan Koch'al [Architectural Scales Used in the Unified silla]." Konch'ugyoksayon'gu [Journal of Architectural history] 17 (4): 7-23.
  21. Kim, Y.-J. 2011. "Architectural Representation of the Pure Land." Ph.D. Dissertation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Kungnip munhwajae yŏn'guso. 2018. Iksan Mirŭksaji: Hoerang Kojŭngyŏn'gu [Iksan Mireuksa Temple Site: A Historical Research on the corridors]. Taejŏn: kungnip munhwajaeyŏn'guso [National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage].
  22. Li, J. 1103. "Yingzao Fashi • Kanxiang [Treatise on Architectural Methods, the Examination of Architectural projects]." Taoben yingyinben [Photographic Copies], the Wanyou wenku edition of the Yingzao fashi, published in Shanghai in 1933 by Shangwu Yinshuguan.
  23. Liu, C. 2014. Diaochong Gushi [Discourse on Chinese Classical Architecture system]. Beijing: Qinghua daxue chubanshe [Tsinghua University Press].
  24. Munhwajaegwalliguk. 1976. Han'gugŭi Kogŏnch'uk (3). Sŏul: Munhwajaegwalliguk.
  25. Munhwajaegwalliguk, 1980. Yŏngju Pusŏksa Bosujŏngwa Jun'gongbogosŏ. Sŏul: Munhwajaegwalliguk.
  26. Ono, K. 1964. "Ritang Wenhua Guanxizhong De Zhuwenti [The Problems in the Cultural Relations between Japan and Tang dynasties]." Kaogu 12: 619-628.
  27. Sekino, T. 1913. "Genson Seru Chōsen Saiko No Mokuzō Kenchiku [The Existing Oldest Wooden Architecture in korea]." Kenchiku Sekai [Building world] 7 (3), 3-5.
  28. Sekino, T. 1923. "Chōsen Saiko No Mokuzō Kenchiku [The Oldest Wooden Building in Korea]." Chōsen to Kenchiku [Chosŏn and Architecture] 2 (8). Chōsenkenchikukai [Chosŏn Architecture Association], 10-15.
  29. Sekino, T. 1941. Chōsen No Kenchiku to Geijutsu [Korean Architecture and art]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
  30. Shen, K., J. N. Crossley, A. W. C. Lun, and H. Liu. 1999. The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary. London: Oxford University Press.
  31. Wang, G. 2011a. "√2 Yu Tang Song Jianzhu Zhuyan Guanxi [Relationship between √2 and Eaves Columns in the Tang and Song architecture]." Zhongguo gudai mugou jianzhu bilì yu chidu yanjiu [Research on the Proportion and Measurement of Ancient Chinese Wooden Buildings]. Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chu- banshe, 40-47.
  32. Wang, G. 2011b. "Tang Song Dan Yan Mu Gou Jianzhu Pingmian Yu Lì Mian Bili Guilu De Tantao [Discussion on Regular Proportion between Plans and Facades of Tang and Song Wooden Architecture with Single eaves]." Zhongguo gudai mugou jianzhu bilì yu chidu yanjiu. Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 48-63.
  33. Wang, N. 2017a. "Xiangtianfade, Guijufangyuan [The Principle of Modelling Heaven and Earth, the Rules of Square and circle]," Jianzhushi [Architectural History]. Vol.
  34. Wang, N. 2017b. "Guijufangyuan Futuwanqian [Circles, Squares, and the Place Where Buddha lives]," Zhongguo jianzhushi lunhuikan [Journal of Chinese Architecture History]. 2, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 216-256.
  35. Wang, N. 2017c. "Guijufangyuan Fuzhijusuo [Rules of Square and Circle, Great Diversity in Buddhist pagodas]," Jianzhu xuebao [Architectural Journal]. 6, Beijing: Zhongguojianzhuxuehui, 29-36.
  36. Wang, N. 2018a. "Guijufangyuan Duxianggouwu [Rules of Square and Circle, Sculpture Sizes in Architectural compositions]," Jianzhushi [Architectural History]. 1, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 103-125.
  37. Wang, N. 2018b. "Jinchenggongque Taiziyuanfang [The Forbidden City and Square-Circle composition]," Jianzhushi [Architectural History]. 2, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 93-128.
  38. Wang, N. 2019. "Guijufangyuan Tiandezhongzhou [Rules of Square and Circle, Central Axis of Heaven and earth]." Beijing guihuajianshe [Beijing Planning Review]. 1, Beijing: Beijing chengshi guihuashejì yanjiuyuan, 138-153.
  39. Yoneda, M. 1944. Chosen Jodai Kenchiku No Kenkyu [Research on Ancient Korean architecture]. Osaka: Akitaya0.
  40. Yoneda, M. 1976. Hanʾguk Sangdae Kŏnchʻuk Ŭi Yŏnʾgu [Research on Ancient Korean architecture]. Seoul: Han'gungmunhwasa.
  41. Zhang, S. 2004. Zhongri Gudai Jianzhu Damu Jishu De Yuanliu Yu Bianqian [The Origin and Change of Wooden Technology in Ancient China and japan]. Tianjin : Tianjin daxue chubanshe.