Biofilms: A Survival and Resistance Mechanism of Microorganisms (original) (raw)
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Biofilm Formation and its Role in
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Most of the life forms in the world can develop skills for their continued existence against a constantly changing and challenging environment. Amongst all the organisms, bacteria show a tremendous adaptation, by natural selection through transformation crafting genetic variants [1] and show survival instincts in many ways. They can form surface attachments, three dimensional edifices that are sustained by self-synthesised extracellular polymeric matrix. This consortium of cell-cell interaction can be described as biofilms [2], which represents the defence and communication system of a bacterial community. Naturally, biofilms are constructed by a diverse group of microorganisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus mutans which co-exists as a community challenging the hostile environment created by the host defense mechanism followed by the resulting antibiotic exploitation in order to eradicate the formed biofilm [3]. The transmiss...
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 1992
The colonization of tissue and other surfaces by microbial cells results in the formation of a biofilm. The biofilm mode of existence results from selective pressures in the environment. Biofilms afford microbes greater access to nutrients, protection from antimicrobial agents and provide a buffer to changing conditions in the environment. Microorganisms that colonize a surface often compete with each other for resources but eventually form consorts which promote their survival. The population structure that develops within a biofilm on living tissue frequently reflects the health of the host organism and its surrounding environment. Displacement of a consort that is beneficial to the host by one that exhibits debilitating characteristics is a common feature of disease. A better understanding of the environmental .['actors that control microbial activity and population structure within biofilms should promote the development of novel approaches to control the undesirable effects of microbial colonization of surfaces relevant to medical, industrial and environmental processe~.
Biofilms: Importance and Biotechnological Applications.
Biofilm is an assemblage of the microbial cells that is irreversibly associated with a surface and usually enclosed in a matrix of polysaccharide material. Biofilm is composed primarily of microbial cells and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Extracellular polymeric matrix plays various roles in structure and function of different biofilm communities. Adhesion to the surface provides considerable advantages such as protection against antimicrobial agents, acquisition of new genetic traits, and the nutrient availability and metabolic co-operability. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, who discovered microbial attachment to his own tooth surface, is credited with the discovery of biofilm. The formation of biofilm takes place in three steps. Biofilm is responsible for chronic bacterial infection, infection on medical devices, deterioration of water quality and the contamination of food. This assignment provides an overview of the formation of biofilm, structure, role in microbial communities and its applications.
Introduction to Biofilms Thematic Minireview Series
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2016
The biofilms that many bacteria and fungi produce enable them to form communities, adhere tightly to surfaces, evade host immunity, and resist antibiotics. Pathogenic microorganisms that form biofilms are very difficult to eradicate and thus are a frequent source of life-threatening, hospital-acquired infections. This series of five minireviews from the Journal of Biological Chemistry provides a broad overview of our current understanding of biofilms and the challenges that remain. The structure, biosynthesis, and biological function of the biofilms produced by pathogenic fungi are the subject of the first article, by Sheppard and Howell. Gunn, Bakaletz, and Wozniak focus on the biochemistry and structure of bacterial biofilms, how these structures enable bacteria to evade host immunity, and current and developing strategies for overcoming this resistance. The third and fourth articles present two of the best understood cell signaling pathways involved in biofilm formation. Valentini and Filloux focus on cyclic di-GMP, while Kavanaugh and Horswill discuss the quorum-sensing (agr) system and the relationship between quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, particularly the role of efflux pumps and the development of persister cells, are the topics of the final article by Van Acker and Coenye. The advances described in this series guarantee that ongoing interdisciplinary and international efforts will lead to new insights into the basic biology of biofilm formation, as well as new strategies for therapeutic interventions.
Bacterial Biofilms; Links to Pathogenesis and Résistance Mechanism 
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Biofilms are usually defined as surface-associated microbial communities, surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance matrix. There are three major steps that are observed in biofilm formation: initial attachment events, microcolony formation and construction of mushroom-like structure with secretion of extracelluar polymeric substances. These substances can be considered a mechanism to protect the bacterial community from external insults.Biofilms, significantly increase the ability of the pathogen to evade both host defenses and antibiotics and they are being implicated in the pathogenesis and also clinical manifestation of several infections. They cause a variety of persistent infections, such as native valve endocarditis, osteomyelitis, dental caries, middle ear infections, ocular implant infections, urinary tract infections and cystic fibrosis. Established biofilms can tolerate antimicrobial agents at concentrations of 10–1000-times that needed to kill geneti...
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021
Formation of biofilm is the unusual way of survival for microbes forming the biofilm; pathogenic microbes increase their survival rate by showing resistance to the various antimicrobial therapy as well to other destroying agent. Establishment of biofilm vary from living to non-living surface that also includes the medical device and health care setting. Majority of the hospital born infection are due to the biofilm this occur due persistence of the biofilm on the medical device that lead to the spread of the infection among the patients. The biofilm also try to destroy the innate immunity of the host to which it cause infection. This review article describes the process of formation and the composition of biofilm. In most bacteria, formation of biofilm seems to happen in response to specific environmental stimulus and results in, formation or termination of biofilm matrix via the secondary messenger molecule c-di-GMP. In between formation and termination of biofilm development we ha...