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Abstract

warming, are often lacking immediate causal explanations and are challenging the numerical models. As a highly advanced mathematical tool, the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater-2010 (TEOS-10) had been established by international bodies as an interdisciplinary standard and is recommended for use in geophysics, such as especially in climate research. From its very beginning, the development of TEOS-10 was supported by Ocean Science through publishing successive stages and results. Here, history and properties of TEOS-10 are briefly reviewed. With focus on the air-sea interface, selected current problems of climate research are discussed and tutorial examples for the possible use of TEOS-10 in the associated context are presented, such as related to ocean heat content, latent heat and rate of marine evaporation, properties of sea spray aerosol, or climatic effects of low-level clouds. Appended to this article, a list of publications and their metrics is provided for illustrating the uptake of TEOS-10 by the scientific community, along with some continued activities, addressing still pending, connected issues such as uniform standard definitions of uncertainties, of relative humidity, seawater salinity or pH. This article is dedicated to the Jubilee celebrating 20 years of Ocean Science. All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again. The King James Bible: Ecclesiastes, 450-150 BCE He wraps up the waters in his clouds, yet the clouds do not burst under their weight.

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