Now is the time for the Zika virus (original) (raw)
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PRHSJ V37 Special Issue on Zika Virus
2018
Cover collage was made using a drawing by David Goodsell, Space-ll drawing of the outside of one Zika virus particle, and a cross-section through another as it interacts with a cell. e two main proteins of the viral envelope, the envelope proteins and membrane proteins, are shown in red and purple respectively. e lipid membrane of the envelope is shown in light lavender. e capsid proteins, in orange, are shown interacting with the RNA genome, in yellow, at the center of the virus. e cell-surface receptor proteins are in green, the cytoskeleton in blue, and blood plasma proteins in gold. Source: RCSB Molecule of the Month 197, June 2016, Wikimedia Commons; and a colour print of the yellow fever or dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti by Emil August Goeldi (1905), Source: Wikimedia Commons Wojna almost completely eliminated the mosquito population. However, we are at risk of future cyclic outbreaks of Zika, or combined infections of Zika and dengue, and need to be prepared. Not only to provide the needed community education, the health care required, but also the clinical translational research for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the infection and the creation of treatment modalities.
Zika Virus: The Horrible Threat
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a virus of family Flaviviridae. It is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes (A. aegypti and A. albopictus). Zika virus causes the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. It was first identified in April 1947 from a rhesus macaque monkey that had been placed in a cage in the Zika Forest of Uganda, by the scientists of the Yellow Fever Research Institute. The evidence of human infection with Zika was reported from other African countries, such as the Central African Republic,
2016
etiological agent Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA Flavivirus of the Flaviviridae family, transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes sp. It was identified in Rhesus monkeys in 1947, in the Zika Forest, Uganda, Africa, during jungle yellow fever surveillance. The first report of the disease in humans dates back to 1952 (cited by Campos GS et al.).1 Zika virus (ZIKV) was known until the end of the last century as a zoonotic pathogen, with sporadic human cases found in Africa and later also in Southeast Asia. In Africa, it remains in the wild cycle, involving monkeys and several Aedes mosquitoes. The Asian lineage spread to a chain of transmission involving humans, mainly through Aedes aegypti, in the Pacific Islands and South America.2
Zika fever (also known as Zika virus disease) is an illness caused by the Zika virus.( WHO. January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016 )Most cases have no symptoms, but when present are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever.( ecdc.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 December 2015) Symptoms generally last less than seven days.( Chen et al.,2016). "Zika Virus: Rapid Spread in the Western Hemisphere."Symptoms may include fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash. It has not caused any reported deaths during the initial infection. Infection has been linked to Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type.It can also be potentially spread by sex and blood transfusions.The disease may spread from mother-to-child in the womb and cause microcephaly. Diagnosis is by testing the blood, urine, or saliva for the virus's RNA when the person is sick. Prevention involves decreasing mosquitoes bites in areas where the disease occurs. Efforts include the use of insect repellent, covering much of the body with clothing, mosquito nets, and getting rid of standing water where mosquitoes reproduce.There is no effective vaccine. Health officials recommended that women in areas affected by outbreaks consider putting off pregnancy due to the 2015–16 Zika outbreak and that pregnant women not travel to areas where outbreaks were occurring. While there is no specific treatment, paracetamol (acetaminophen) may help with the symptoms. Admission to hospital is rarely necessary. The virus that causes the disease was first isolated in 1947.The first documented outbreak among people occurred in 2007 in the Federated States of Micronesia.As of January 2016, the disease was occurring in twenty regions of the Americas.It is also known to occur in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Due to an outbreak which started in Brazil in 2015, the World Health Organization declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016.
Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 2016
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus which is spread mostly by the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. In 2015, the outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil cause rapid spread of this virus throughout the Americas. A new report of relation between ZIKV infection and an epidemic of microcephaly among Brazilian neonates attracted universal attention. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that, there is still no vaccine exist to prevent zika. Hence, important factor on preventing zika is by avoiding mosquitoes bite.
Zika virus: a new pandemic threat
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2016
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family and is related to dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. ZIKV was first discovered in Uganda in 1947. Different species of mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly A. aegypti and A. albopictus are the vectors responsible for ZIKV infection in humans. It is also reported that ZIKV is transmitted congenitally, sexually, and through blood donation. Until recently, ZIKV outbreaks were sporadic and self-limiting. The first large epidemic was reported from Yap Island in 2007 followed by an outbreak of Zika fever in French Polynesia in 2013. Brazil is the epicenter of the current ZIKV epidemic which is rapidly spreading across the Americas. ZIKV infection remained relatively less studied in view of its low case numbers, and low clinical impact relative to other arboviruses. However, all this is set to change with its rapid spread in the Western hemisphere and suspected complications...