Comparison between two motor tests used for muscular strength/endurance analysis in young women Comparação entre dois testes motores utilizados para análise da força/resistência muscular em mulheres jovens (original) (raw)
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Gender differences and reliability of selected physical performance tests in young women and men
Advances in Physiotherapy, 2009
Although push-ups and sit-ups are among the most commonly used body-weight exercises to improve and assess strength and fitness, there is a lack of reproducible test protocols in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the testÁretest reliability of sit-ups and push-ups and to determine performance differences in muscular endurance (maximal number of repetitions) and power (timed, maximal number of repetitions in 30 s) in young women and men. Thirty-eight women and 25 men, 18Á35 years of age, participated in the study. Thirteen women participants performed two test sessions of each test using a testÁretest design. A high reliability was noted for both the sit-up and the push-ups tests (intraclass correlation values ranged from 0.92 to 0.95). There were no significant differences between the men and the women in the mean number of sit-ups (42 and 41 repetitions respectively for endurance and 16 and 14 repetitions respectively for power), whereas the men performed significantly more push-ups than the women (39 and 17 repetitions respectively for endurance and 29 and 13 repetitions respectively for power). In conclusion, sit-ups and push-ups are tests with high reliability, which are easy to perform and may therefore be recommended for clinical use to evaluate muscular endurance and power in young men and women. Moreover, the fact that men performed twice as many push-ups as women indicates that, when designing training programme for women, attention should be turned towards strengthening exercises of the upper body.
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
Objective Despite the studies that have investigated the reliability of Upper Extremity Functional Tests(UEFTs), the reliability of Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability(CKCUES), Seated Medicine Ball Throw(SMBT), push-up(PU) and Unilateral Seated Shot Put(USSP) tests in overhead athletes has yet to be assessed. The objective of this study was to determine both the relative and absolute test–retest reliability of the four UEFTs in female overhead athletes. Methods Twenty-nine female overhead athletes (age: 26.6 ± 5.29 years) underwent the four UEFTs twice within a three- day interval. The upper limb stability was assessed through PU and CKCUES tests, while the power was assessed though SMBT and USSP tests. The Intraclass Correlation of Coefficient (ICC) was applied to assess the relative reliability. Absolute reliability was determined by calculating the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC). Furthermore, Bland–Altman plots were used to ...
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Previous research has found that net joint moments (NJM) at the hip, knee and ankle do not increase uniformly as relative intensity increases during 90 degree squats from 25-100% 1 RM. As squats are typically performed to a parallel depth, it is important to understand if the same is true for parallel squats. Further, it is important to understand how NJM change across a narrow relative intensity range. Purpose: To evaluate how increasing relative intensity affects lower extremity net joint moments during parallel squats in men and women during parallel squats. Methods: Two men and two women experienced with the high-bar back squat performed sets of 3 repetitions at 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% 1 RM. Retro-reflective markers in a 6-degree of freedom configuration were recorded by a 9-camera optoelectronic motion capture system sampling at 120Hz and force platform data were collected simultaneously at 1200Hz. Peak sagittal plane NJM for the hip extensors, knee extensors, and ankle plantar-flexors during the concentric (ascending) phase of the squat were calculated using inverse dynamics. NJM at each joint were normalized to the maximum peak NJM attained (i.e. across all loads) for that joint and expressed as a percentage (i.e. 100% is the maximum NJM developed at the joint). Data were averaged across participants and plotted against relative intensity. The relation between relative intensity and peak NJM of the hip extensors, knee extensors and ankle plantar-flexors was determined using regression analyses. Results: Knee extensor NJM was high for all relative intensities (.87%). In contrast, ankle plantar-flexor (67%) and hip extensor (69%) NJM were low at the lowest relative intensity. Ankle plantar-flexor (R 2 =0.98) and hip extensor (R 2 =0.97) NJM increased in a linear fashion with increasing relative intensity. Knee extensor NJM, however, did not follow a linear trend (R 2 =0.37). Rather, the relation of knee extensor NJM to relative intensity was best approximated by a second order polynomial (R 2 =0.80), with peak NJM reaching a maximum at 80% 1 RM and declining at 90% 1 RM. Conclusion: Results suggest that torque generation of the knee extensors reached their maximal ability to contribute to squatting performance at low relative intensities, whereas the hip extensors and ankle-plantar flexors were operating sub-maximally. These data are indicative of the control strategy used to allow individuals to lift heavier external loads. Practical Applications: Understanding multi-joint control mechanisms with respect to mechanical stimuli are pertinent for designing appropriate training programs. Even at low relative intensities, the squat is a favourable exercise for improving knee extensor strength, whereas heavier loads increase the demand on the hip extensor and ankle plantar-flexor musculature. However, the use of excessive loads may decrease knee extensor demand, therefore reducing the effectiveness of the squat for training this muscle group. Acknowledgement:
The sit up test to exhaustion as a test for muscular endurance evaluation
SpringerPlus, 2015
Aims/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to examine the sit up test to exhaustion as a field test for muscular endurance evaluation in a sample of sedentary people of both sexes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. Three-hundred-eighty-one participants volunteered for the study (28.5 ± 10.0 years; 168.2 ± 8.9 cm; 65.1 ± 11.1 kg), of which 194 males (27.5 ± 10.2 years; 173.6 ± 7.0 cm; 71.2 ± 5.2 kg) and 187 females (29.6 ± 10.1 years; 162.6 ± 7.1 cm; 58.7 ± 8.9 kg). Each subject voluntarily and randomly performed: a sit up test (SUT), a push up test (PUT), and a free weight squat test (ST), all till exhaustion. A multiple regression analysis was adopted for data analysis. Subsequently a percentile model for muscle endurance was developed. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile were identified as upper limit for low muscular endurance, average muscular endurance, and lower limit for high muscular endurance, respectively. Results: Considering the sit up test as the dependent variable, the coefficients (R 2 = 0.23; r = 0.49; p < 0.001), and (R 2 = 0.31; r = 0.57; p < 0.001) emerged from a multiple regression analysis applied with respect to the push up test and the squat test, respectively. Gender stratification showed regression coefficients of (R 2 = 0.19; r = 0.44; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. PUT, and (R 2 = 0.30; r = 0.56; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. ST in male; and (R 2 = 0.23; r = 0.49; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. PUT, and (R 2 = 0.34; r = 0.59; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. ST in female. Conclusions/Interpretation: The SUT showed low interrelation with the other proposed tests indicating that the adoption of a single test for the global evaluation of muscle endurance is not the optimal approach. Moreover, the SUT was found to be inexpensive, safe, and appropriate for core muscle endurance measurement for both male and female.
The Journals …, 1997
Background. Sarcopenia, an age-related reduction in muscular mass and strength, may cause a decline in physical functioning and subsequent loss of autonomy. It has been suggested that strength is associated with lower extremity function mainly in the lower portion of the range of strength. Identifying the threshold under which strength is most critical to function may help in targeting groups who may benefit most from exercise interventions. Methods. The study uses data from the Women's Health and Aging Study. The study population, recruited by screening a population-based sample aged 65 years and older, comprised 1,002 women who represent the one-third most disabled women without severe cognitive impairment living in the community. Knee extensor and hip flexor strength were assessed using a hand-held dynamometer. Lower extremity performance was evaluated using tests of walking, standing balance, and rising from a chair. Results. Among women tested for strength (n = 892), those who could walk (97%), do the side-by-side stand (87%), or complete 5 chair stands (74%) had significantly greater strength. Walking speed was linearly associated with knee extensor strength over the entire range of strength, but its association with hip strength was limited to values below 15 kg. Time for five chair stands was associated with knee extensor and hip flexor strength below 10 and 15 kg, respectively, and no significant association was detected above these values. Stronger women were more likely to hold balance for 10 sec in the side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem positions. The percentage of the variance in performance explained by strength alone was always lower than 20%. Conclusions. In this population, which does not include the strongest older women, there is a departure from linearity in the relationship between muscular strength and some measures of lower extremity performance.
Correlates to Performance on Field Tests of Muscular Strength
Pediatric Exercise Science, 1992
Field tests of upper body muscular strength and endurance (UBMSE) are often administered to children, but little is known about the determinants of performance on these tests. Therefore the purpose of this investigation was to examine potential determinants of performance on several common field tests of UBMSE including pull-ups, flexed-arm hang, push-ups, and two types of modified pull-ups. Subjects were 56 girls and 38 boys, ages 9 to 11 years. Potential determinants assessed were age, height, weight, gender, % fat, physical activity, and laboratory measures of muscular strength and endurance. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the laboratory measures of UBMSE failed to account for significant fractions of variance in performance on four of the five tests. However, % fat was significantly associated with performance on four of five tests. These results indicate that factors other than muscular strength and endurance account for most of the variance in performance, and that...
Familiarization and Reliability of One Repetition Maximum Strength Testing in Older Women
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2013
Amarante do Nascimento, M, Borges Januá rio, RS, Gerage, AM, Mayhew, JL, Cheche Pina, FL, and Cyrino, ES. Familiarization and Reliability of one repetition maximum Strength Testing in Older Women. J Strength Cond Res 27 : 1636-1642, 2013-Strength is a fundamental component of physical fitness, and therefore should be precisely assessed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the number of testing sessions required to achieve consistent 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength measurements in untrained older women. Forty-five untrained older women were measured for 1RM in bench press machine (BP), leg extension (LE) machine, and free weight arm curl (AC). Reliability coefficients for trials 1 and 2 for BP (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.973) and LE (ICC = 0.976) were higher than for AC (ICC = 0.953). Percent change from trial 1 to 2 for BP (3.5 6 10.9%) and AC (3.8 6 8.1%) was less than for LE (5.4 6 6.2%), but all were significant increases between trials (p , 0.05). Trial differences were reduced to nonsignificant levels (p . 0.05) in the third trial for BP (0.0 6 0.0%), LE (1.2 6 3.0%) and AC (2.7 6 5.9%). Reliability coefficients rose for BP and LE (ICC = 0.999) and AC (ICC = 0.963) when a third trial was performed. Bland and Altman plotting showed very small bias and limits of agreement (LoA) for both the exercises (BP: bias = 0 kg, limits of agreement = 0 kg; LE: bias = 20.16 kg, LoA = 2.21 kg; AC: bias = 20.11 kg, LoA = 1.72 kg). This approach to determine 1RM strength values produced rapid lifting technique familiarization resulting in a need of 2 to 3 test sessions to achieve consistent 1RM measurements in untrained older women.
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 1997
Background. Sarcopenia, an age-related reduction in muscular mass and strength, may cause a decline in physical functioning and subsequent loss of autonomy. It has been suggested that strength is associated with lower extremity function mainly in the lower portion of the range of strength. Identifying the threshold under which strength is most critical to function may help in targeting groups who may benefit most from exercise interventions. Methods. The study uses data from the Women's Health and Aging Study. The study population, recruited by screening a population-based sample aged 65 years and older, comprised 1,002 women who represent the one-third most disabled women without severe cognitive impairment living in the community. Knee extensor and hip flexor strength were assessed using a hand-held dynamometer. Lower extremity performance was evaluated using tests of walking, standing balance, and rising from a chair. Results. Among women tested for strength (n = 892), those who could walk (97%), do the side-by-side stand (87%), or complete 5 chair stands (74%) had significantly greater strength. Walking speed was linearly associated with knee extensor strength over the entire range of strength, but its association with hip strength was limited to values below 15 kg. Time for five chair stands was associated with knee extensor and hip flexor strength below 10 and 15 kg, respectively, and no significant association was detected above these values. Stronger women were more likely to hold balance for 10 sec in the side-by-side, semi-tandem, and tandem positions. The percentage of the variance in performance explained by strength alone was always lower than 20%. Conclusions. In this population, which does not include the strongest older women, there is a departure from linearity in the relationship between muscular strength and some measures of lower extremity performance.
Considerations and Practical Options for Measuring Muscle Strength: A Narrative Review
BioMed Research International
Muscle strength impairments are related to mobility limitations and other untoward outcomes. This narrative review, therefore, describes considerations relative to the definition and measurement of muscle strength. Thereafter, practical options for measuring muscle strength are described and their clinimetric properties are delineated. Information provided herein may help students, clinicians, and researchers select the strength tests best suited to their research needs and limitations.