The effect of different rotifer feeding regimes on the growth and survival of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833) larvae (original) (raw)
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Aquaculture Nutrition, 2013
Live food supply is a key factor contributing to the success of larval fish rearing. However, live food densities vary greatly between fish species and management protocols across fish hatcheries. The growth, survival, food selection and consumption of yellowtail kingfish larvae were examined at different regimes of live food supply in an attempt to identify a suitable live food feeding protocol for larval rearing in marine fish. This study was divided into two feeding phases: rotifer phase from 3 to 14 DPH (phase I) and Artemia nauplii phase from 15 to 22 DPH (phase II). In phase I, four rotifer densities (1, 10, 20 and 40 mL À1 ) were used. In phase II, Artemia started at 0.8 nauplii mL À1 on 15 DPH, and then the density of Artemia was daily incremented by 50%, 70%, 90% and 110%, respectively, in four treatments from 15 to 22 DPH. In phase I, rotifer density significantly affected larval growth, but not survival. By 7 DPH, the number of rotifers consumed by fish larvae reached 170-260 individuals, but did not significantly differ between rotifer densities. During cofeeding, fish larvae selected against Artemia nauplii by 10 DPH, but by 14 DPH Artemia nauplii became the preferred prey item by fish larvae exposed to the 10, 20 and 40 rotifers mL À1 . In phase II, both fish growth and survival were affected by Artemia densities. Fish daily consumption on Artemia by 20 DPH reached 500-600 individuals but did not significantly differ between prey densities. The result suggests that rotifer densities be offered at 20-40 mL À1 before 6 DPH and 10-20 mL À1 afterwards to support larval fish growth and survival. Likewise, Artemia is recommended at a daily increment of 90-110% of 0.8 mL À1 from 15 to 22 DPH. This study proposes a management protocol to use appropriate type and quantity of live food to feed yellow-tail kingfish larvae, which could be applicable to larval culture of other similar marine fish species.
Aquaculture Research, 2012
This study compared the efficacy of four products that are commonly used in hatchery for nutritional enhancement of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as the starter food for yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi larvae. This experiment consisted of one fresh algae and three enrichment products: (1) Fresh algae were a mixture of Nannochloropsis and Isochrysis at 2:1 on a cell concentration basis; (2) S.presso, (Selco S.presso ® , INVE Aquaculture); (3) Algamac 3050 ® (Aquafauna, USA); (4) Nutrokol ® (Nutra-Kol, Australia). Survival rates of the fish fed rotifers enriched with fresh microalgae (40.69%) and S.presso (31.21%) were higher than those fed Algamac 3050 (10.31%). On 3 day post hatch (DPH), fish feeding incidence in the fresh algae treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments. On 6 DPH, fish showed the lowest feeding incidence in the Algamac 3050 treatment. The methods of enrichment did not affect total lipid levels in either rotifer or fish larvae, but Algamac 3050 enrichment achieved the highest DHA/EPA ratio and lowest EPA/ARA ratio in both rotifers and fish larvae. This study indicates that fresh algae can be replaced by S.presso, but Algamac 3050 is not as good as other formula for rotifer enrichment in rearing yellowtail kingfish larvae in this system.
Survival and growth of milkfish (Chanos chanos) larvae in the hatchery. I. Feeding
Aquaculture, 1990
Eda, H., Murashige, R., Eastham, B., Wallace, L., Bass, P., Tamaro, C.S. and Lee, C.-S., 1990. Survival and growth of milkfish ( Chanos chanos) larvae in the hatchery. I. Feeding. Aquaculture, 89: 233-244.
Enrichment of Rotifers and Its Effect on the Growth and Survival of Fish Larvae
Rotifers, 2017
In order to improve the survival and growth of aquacultured finfish larvae, nutritional enrichment of rotifers is necessary. In the development of methodologies for material and process, n-3HUFAs especially EPA and DHA were the main focused nutrients for enrichment. Although the addition of those fatty acids to rotifer was conducted in vitro, the enrichment of DHA or EPA to phospholipid was suggested recently, as well as the optimum ratio among DHA, EPA, and arachidonic acid. On the other hand, other nutrients, e.g., taurine, vitamin A, and some minerals, have also been suggested to enrich rotifers. These mean that not only specific nutrients but also the balance among nutrients is important to enrich rotifers nutritionally and improve the performance of cultured finfishes. Moreover, the influence by rotifer culture method and protocol and the development of enrichment method should be taken into consideration for improving the efficiency of enrichment. Future studies should investigate whether rotifers can acquire all these nutrients from the balanced nutrition.
Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 1992
Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas f e l o n Dicryospbaerzum chlorelloides were investigated in batch and semicontinuous culture systems. The mean daily roduction was 57.4 and 34.2 mg of rotifers I-'&' (wet weight) respectively and were highly depen&nt o n initial algal cell density. The rotifer fed on algae contained high amounts of linoleic acid (18 : 2n-6) and amino acids such as arginine. The suitability of rotifers for gud eon Gobio gobzo L. and perch Percafluviatilis L. larvae during their early feeding stage was investigatei. After a 10-day experiment, larvae fed with rotifers grew significantly faster than those fed on micro-encapsulated dry food. The best food conversion and protein efficiency ratio were observed with the larvae fed with rotifers. Combining rotifers with micro-encapsulated dry food better improved growth rate and food utilization in perch than did the dry food alone.
Strategies for Development of Rotifers as Larval Fish Food in Ponds
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2007
Strategies to sustain rotifer peak biomass, distribution of rotifer resting eggs in the sediment, and relationship between rotifers and larval fish growth were studied in a series of pond experiments. After the ponds were filled with water, herbivorous rotifers (e.g., Brachionus calyciflorus) developed first, but were gradually replaced by predatory rotifers (e.g., Asplanchna). Subsequently, herbivorous cladocerans (e.g., Moina sp) eventually replaced rotifers and dominated the zooplankton community. The occurrence of Asplanchna and Moina indicated the decline of B. calycijlorus. Peak rotifer biomass developed 8-10 d after the ponds were filled with water at 20-25 C, 10-15 d at 17-20 C, 15-20 d at 15-17 C, 20-30 d at 10-15 C, and >30 d at < l o C. The abundance of resting eggs in the top 5-cm sediment varied from 6 to 83/cm*. About 25% of resting eggs were buried in the top 5-cm sediment but the number of resting eggs decreased with increased sediment depth. Optimum rotifer biomass for silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix larvae stocked at 1,500,000iha was 20-40 mgL. High rotifer biomass (>20 mgL) usually lasted 3-5 d, but could be prolonged by pond fertilization or cladoceran controls. A weekly application of dipterex at 0.05 m g L reduced cladoceran biomass but enhanced rotifer biomass. Our results indicate with a careful management plan it is possible to synchronize the rotifer development with larval fish stocking. I Corresponding author's present address: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, I? 0. Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744 USA.
Aquaculture, 2012
Mortality is a major concern in larval fish rearing during exogenous feeding. An important cause of mortality of larval yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) during the rotifer -Artemia weaning period was hypothesised as being due to larval sinking response after satiated feeding prior to dusk. This paper documents the effect of larval body density change under different Artemia feeding regimes and adds to the understanding of the cause of mortality of yellowtail kingfish larvae. The change in body density was used as a tool to determine the time of last feed in a day to ensure larvae were neutrally buoyant at dusk. An adaptive Artemia feeding regime was implemented, in which the amount of feed applied to the larvae was modified based on the body density. Larvae were denser than the seawater in which they were reared when fully satiated with Artemia. The time required to return to pre-feeding density significantly decreased with larval age. At 12 days post hatch (dph), the peak in body density of larvae fed Artemia to satiation was 1.0320 g cm − 3 and they did not return to a pre-feeding body density (1.0260 g cm − 3 ), for approximately 10 h. By 19 dph, larval body density only increased to 1.0275 g cm − 3 when larvae were fully satiated and they were neutrally buoyant again by 4 h. The decrease in larval body density when fully satiated at 16 dph demonstrated that overfeeding larvae with Artemia should be avoided prior to dusk before this age to maintain neutral buoyancy. The use of the adaptive regime reduced mortality by 20% compared with the control, from 13 to 17 dph, without sacrificing larval growth. Transition to Artemia feeding is a critical stage for yellowtail kingfish larvae and mortalities can be significantly reduced during this period by managing the timing of Artemia feeds throughout the day. The strategy of an adaptive feeding method may be considered a novel management tool to prevent larval sinking and associated mortality during the period of weaning from rotifers to Artemia during larval rearing.
Four densities of rotifers, Brachipnus plicatilis (4, 8, 12, and 16 pcs/ ml) were fed to gilthead sea bream larval for 21 days in fiberglass tanks. Each treatment was replicated in three tanks (4m3 water volume/ tank) in greenhouse. Fish larval, two days old and 2.5 mm length were stocked at density 87±3 larval / liter of water. Each tank was supplied with continuous aeration, constant temperature (180 C) and 12 hrs lights daily. Water quality criteria were within the optimum levels required for rearing fish larval. The results showed that the actual daily consumption of rotifers were 3.33, 5.20, 8.58, and 9.12 pcs /ml/day from the concentrations 4, 8, 12, and 16 pcs/ ml, respectively. Sea bream larval growth in length and the specific growth rate (SGR%) were significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing the rotifer density. The results showed that swim bladder inflation (%) significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing of rotifer density from 4 to 12 rotifers /ml, however there were no significant differences between 12 and 16 rotifers /ml. Survival rates of fish larvae at the end of the experiment were 24.4, 31.4, 44.25, and 47 % for rotifer densities 4, 8, 12 and 16 pcs/ ml, respectively. From the present results it could be concluded that 16 rotifers/ml is the optimum density required for gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata larvae and about 1066.8 pcs of rotifers were required for each 1mm increase in larval length during the period from the 2nd to 21 rd days of age.
Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014
The point of no return (PNR) and disappearance of the oil droplet were measured in Chirostoma estor larvae as a function of the time of first feeding. In a separate trial, growth and survival of larvae fed rotifers enriched with Chlorella sp., cod liver oil and corn oil were assessed. Fatty acid and lipid composition of eggs, oil droplets, egg yolk, feed and larvae were also evaluated. The PNR was found between 7 and 8 days posthatching (dph). Total oil droplet depletion occurred between 7 and 11 dph, depending on the time of first feeding. Best growth and survival were obtained in larvae fed with Chlorella-enriched rotifers, followed by those fed cod liver oil-enriched rotifers. In larvae fed corn oil, Chlorella and cod liver oil-enriched rotifers, total oil droplet depletion took place on days 9, 10 and 11, respectively. There was a direct relationship between presence and duration of oil droplets and the survival of larvae under different starvation conditions. The feed source could prolong the existence of the oil droplet depending on particular dietary supply of essential fatty acids; the time of its disappearance could be a useful indicator of larval vigour and health status.