Distribution of Materials in Construction and Demolition Waste in Portugal (original) (raw)
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Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013
The few construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling plants that there are in Portugal sepa-rate the materials and then crush and sieve them prior to final delivery. These plants have limited overall capacity and the quality of the output material is not good enough for higher grade applica-tions such as concrete and brick production. This study aims to better understand the economic im-plications of implementing and operating a large-scale high-end CDW recycling plant to serve a densely populated urban area in Portugal (Lisbon and its outskirts). This first part deals with the location of the plant, its design and the material entering and leaving it. There follows an economic analysis which leads to the sensitivity analysis presented in part two, providing important conclu-sions for the economic viability of full-scale CDW recycling plants. The methodology used can be applied to other locations and resulted, within the regional data frame of the Lisbon Metropolitan area, on a return of the investment period of around 2 years, considering a plant capacity of 350 tonne/h, collection of 21.8 million €/year in gate fees and given the need to pay around €11.9 million €/year in running costs. Hence, there is a high profit potential in this venture, even though con-sidering the high initial investment needs. Moreover, the venture seems economically viable even in the absence of specific regulatory government policy intervention for recycling CDW, which may indicate a clear alignment between economic viability and environmental benefits, arising from this CDW recycling plant operation.
JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
The traditional method of construction and demolition waste (CDW) consumes a substantial amount of land resources causing severe environmental and social problems. In Portugal, the low recycling rate, combined with a high use of landfill as a way of managing CDW, has resulted in a negative index of 39% in the waste hierarchy, thus making it impossible for Portugal to be classified as a country that implements waste hierarchy in practice. The main goal of this study is to investigate the benefits of CDW reuse and recycling and the factors that promote or hinder this practice in Portugal. Therefore, a comprehensive approach has been adopted by combining the analysis of secondary data collected through extensive bibliography research with the results of a survey by questionnaire conducted on a group of experts in CDW management. It was concluded that the main method of CDW management consists of its disposal in licensed landfills (47%), and the rate of CDW reuse on site is still low (6...
Construction and demolition waste generation and management in Lisbon (Portugal)
Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2011
The management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is essential in the formation, growth and renovation of urban areas. This paper presents part of a study on CDW generation and management in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). CDW generation was estimated for 2006 and 2007 based on construction activity and waste load movements. The results revealed that in the municipality of Lisbon, remodeling construction activity prevailed, with CDW generation indicators of 954 t/day and a per capita rate of 0.60 t/year. Both values are above the average for the LMA and its two sub-regions (Greater Lisbon and the Setúbal Peninsula). The installed infrastructure for CDW management identified in the LMA is situated within a maximum distance of about 23 km from the geometric center of the city of Lisbon. Despite the fact these locations favor the municipality of Lisbon, the occurrence of illegal dumps is still a reality. A notable effort towards environmental education addressing CDW management is under way so as to make involved citizens aware of the recent CDW legislation, Decree-Law Nr. 46/2008, as well as of the problems arising from scenarios of environmental degradation and uncontrolled use of natural resources in the civil construction sector. Policies are outlined aiming to move towards the more judicious management of CDW.
Generation of construction and demolition waste in Portugal
Waste Management & Research, 2011
In line with the growing concern all around the world about Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) management, an attempt has been made to quantify the amount of CDW generated in Portugal, a country where no reliable / official data exist. This is an increasingly important measure to companies, businesses and municipalities involved with CDW, in a context of rising demands and more demanding recent legislation. One methodology is presented to quantify the present generation, and another to extrapolate this generation over the next few years, up to 2020. It is concluded that at present substantially less CDW is generated than the figure usually cited for Portugal, based on Spanish estimates, although it is predicted that this value will be higher on a 10-15 year timescale, reaching over 400 kg/person/year.
Operational Research, 2018
The growing concern regarding global sustainability is increasingly evident in the construction sector due to the impact of waste production. The aim of this work, which follows the one of Correia (2013), is to develop a new optimization approach in order to plan a network for recycling Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW). The approach is based on the methodology of Processes and Systems Engineering (PSE), allowing better problem systematization, visualization of the CDW flows between processes and better planning of the needs of the network. The developed model, of the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) type, is a tool to support CDW management in the assessment of the recycling network from two points of view: from a regulatory perspective that aims to minimize the total costs of the network and from the perspective of transforming entities, which aim to maximize profit in the recycling processes. It is also possible to design diverse scenarios and perform sensitivity analyses of model parameters that make the assessment more clear regarding location, types and capacity of new processes to be installed. The model was validated for a 10 parish sample and then explored for the 211 parishes that comprise the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon (MAL). However, due to its generic formulation, the model can be applied at regional or national level. The main results indicate a preference for direct deposition in landfills and the fact that high quality recycling processes are not economically viable for the MAL.
Generation of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) in Portugal
Waste Management & Research, 2011
In line with the growing concern all around the world about Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) management, an attempt has been made to quantify the amount of CDW generated in Portugal, a country where no reliable / official data exist. This is an increasingly important measure to companies, businesses and municipalities involved with CDW, in a context of rising demands and more demanding recent legislation. One methodology is presented to quantify the present generation, and another to extrapolate this generation over the next few years, up to 2020. It is concluded that at present substantially less CDW is generated than the figure usually cited for Portugal, based on Spanish estimates, although it is predicted that this value will be higher on a 10-15 year timescale, reaching over 400 kg/person/year.
Waste Management, 2013
This work is a part of a wider study involving the economic and environmental implica-tions of managing construction and demolition waste (CDW), focused on the operation of a large scale CDW recycling plant. This plant, to be operated in the Lisbon Metro-politan Area (including the Setúbal peninsula), is analysed for a 60 year period, using primary energy consumption and CO2eq emission impact factors as environmental im-pact performance indicators. Simplified estimation methods are used to calculate industrial equipment incorporated, and the operation and transport related impacts. Material recycling - sorted materials sent to other industries, to act as input - is taken into account by discounting the impacts related to industrial processes no longer needed. This first part focuses on calculating the selected impact factors for a base case scenario (with a 350 tonnes/h installed capacity), while a sensitivity analysis is provided in part two. Overall, a 60 year global primary energy consumption of 71.4 thousand toe (tonne of oil equivalent) and a total CO2eq emission of 135.4 thousand tonnes are expected. Under this operating regime, around 563 thousand toe and 1465 thousand tonnes CO2eq could be prevented by replacing raw materials in several construction materials indus-tries (e.g.: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, paper and cardboard).
Revista AIDIS de Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales. Investigación, desarrollo y práctica, 2021
The construction activities generate representative amount of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) around the world. Brazilian City Halls collected about 45 million tons/year. CDW recycling plants needs to be economically viable. The characteristics of recycling plants and future expectations vary around the world. Thus, the cost analysis needs to be adapted to the local reality and future scenarios should be evaluated. In this context, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the CDW recycling plant costs in Brazil. Two scenarios are tested, actual Scenario (1) and future Scenario (2), with air jig. Four steps are performed: literature review, inventory of the inputs, economic indicators analysis, and sensitivity analysis of alternative solutions. The results suggest that both scenarios do not reach positive economic indicators (IRR, NPV and Payback). The Fixed Costs are the main influence on the results, mainly due to the acquisition of Equipment. The Variable Costs represent, in Scenario 1 and 2, 18% and 10% of their Total Fixed Costs, respectively. Scenario 1, however, has possible conversion into positive IRR easier than for Scenario 2, once the Air Jig influence significantly in the increment of costs. A Government subsidy tested would not make the CDW Recycling Scenarios economically attractive. Only Scenario 1 can achieve positive results, however without the acquisition costs of Land, Equipment and Vehicles. Counterparts with the City Hall, in exchange for the supply of these inputs, would not influence the positive results. The use of new technologies maybe will be possible after the recycled aggregate market is consolidated in Brazil.
Construction and demolition waste generation and management
The management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) is essential in the formation, growth and renovation of urban areas. This paper presents part of a study on CDW generation and management in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA). CDW generation was estimated for 2006 and 2007 based on construction activity and waste load movements. The results revealed that in the municipality of Lisbon, remodeling construction activity prevailed, with CDW generation indicators of 954 t/day and a per capita rate of 0.60 t/year. Both values are above the average for the LMA and its two sub-regions (Greater Lisbon and the Setúbal Peninsula). The installed infrastructure for CDW management identified in the LMA is situated within a maximum distance of about 23 km from the geometric center of the city of Lisbon. Despite the fact these locations favor the municipality of Lisbon, the occurrence of illegal dumps is still a reality. A notable effort towards environmental education addressing CDW management is under way so as to make involved citizens aware of the recent CDW legislation, Decree-Law Nr. 46/2008, as well as of the problems arising from scenarios of environmental degradation and uncontrolled use of natural resources in the civil construction sector. Policies are outlined aiming to move towards the more judicious management of CDW.
Buildings
The construction and demolition sectors are among the world’s most critical activities, generating large amounts of waste. Thus, these sectors’ waste accumulation problem is related to the environmental protection system and proper waste management. On the other hand, it is well known that proper waste disposal can increase its value. In this way, the economic potential of the trash can be raised again. Therefore, this article will examine the economic potential of construction and demolition (C & D) waste. Different waste management processes will be analyzed to better understand the topic from a financial perspective in this area underway in Spain. Therefore, data from other regions of Spain were collected. This data led to results where the most expensive rooms were Pais Vasco and the Balearic Islands, where disposal of C & D waste had the highest prices, exceeding EUR 30 per ton. Conversely, the lowest prices are found in regions such as Navarre and Andalusia, where prices per t...