Concentrations and health risk assessment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Soils of an urban environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria (original) (raw)
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EVALUATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SOIL OF SELECTED URBAN AREAS OF DELTA STAT NIGERIA
Sixteen Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) grouped as endocrine disruption substances (EDSs) were determined for their concentrations, sources and human health risk. Naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), acenaphthene (Ace), fluorine (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Flt), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr), benzo(a)anthracene (B[a]a), benzo(b)fluoranthene (B[b]f), benzo(k)fluoranthene (B[k]f), benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]p), indeno(1,2,3-cd)perylene (I[123-cd]p), benzo(ghi) perylene (B[ghi]p) and dibenzo(a,h) anthracene (D[ah]a) were analyzed in three urban soils of Agbor, Asaba and Issele-Ukwu, at 0-15 and 16-30 cm depth in wet and dry seasons. After extraction using ultrasonication with hexane and dichloromethane and clean-up, PAHs concentration was measured using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer. The concentrations of Ʃ16 PAHs ranged from 178.0 to 787.0 µg/kg and 105.1 to 437.7 µg/kg in wet season and dry season respectively. PAHs concentrations varied significantly (p<0.05) between sites, soil profile and seasons. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk values obtained were relatively above the tolerable target risk levels of 10-6 set by the US.EPA, this suggest a potential for human mutagenic and carcinogenic risk in the study area. Source estimates ratios suggest that PAHs were from petroleum, coal, biomass combustion and traffic origin.
Pattern, sources and toxic potential of PAHs in the agricultural soils of Delhi, India
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009
Surface soil (0-5 cm) from various agricultural sites in Delhi was analyzed to discern the contents of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Reference and deuterated standards were used for identification and quantification of PAHs by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. PAHs ranged from 830 to 3880 g kg −1 (dry wt.) with an arithmetic mean of 1910 ± 1020 g kg −1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Natural and Anthropogenically Modified Soils (A Review)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Natural and Anthropogenically Modified Soils (A Review), 2018
Technological progress of over than seven-billion population forces an avalanche development of industry, transport and urbanization. The unusual demographic success of the Homo sapiens species has caused very serious environmental impact on abiotic and living organisms. One of the most visible phenomenon of anthropopressure is the increase of environmental contamination of water, air and soil with various xenobiotics, in particular with Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) – organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organics, but partly are of the natural biological and soil-biological origin. PAHs are low soluble in water, but highly lipophilic and easily adsorb on the air particles. PAHs are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. The assessments of PAHs and their remediation are important. The list issued by the USEPA in 1976 with a view to use chemical analysis for assessing risks to human health, contains a set of compounds of 16 PAHs following criteria of analytical standards availability, occurrence in environment; and toxicity information. The PAHs chemical transformations via destroying double bonds by oxidants are important for safe environment. PAH content in unpolluted soils of various types is relatively low. PAHs are degradable by some microorganisms in the soil. 90 % of PAHs present in environment can be stored in soils, sediments, and sedimentary rocks. PAH content in uncontaminated soils is aroud 100 ppb. In the airport area, due to jet turbine exhaust, the sum of 12 PAHs ranged from 2390 ppb to 7530 ppb. PAH concentration in the town soils is up to 12390 ppb. In the soils of railway junction concentrations of 14 PAHs in 1995 was 2243 ppb, and in 2008 up to 59508 ppb. PAHs concentrations in the soils of coking plant area reache 57921 ppb. The new analytical protocol for determination of PAHs and OPAHs are elaborated. There are many classifications determining the soil pollution degree due to the level of PAH. Poland Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation proposed “sum of 13 PAHs”, Poland Ministry Regulation provides “sum of nine PAHs”, Dutch List contains “sum of ten PAHs”. According every classification, under transport and industries anthropopressure, the soil PAH concentrations are dangerous to human health.
Evaluation of Sources and Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil and Groundwater
2020
Research subjects of this study are four representative locations in the industrial complex, in the city of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), humus and pH were determined. The main objective of the paper is to determine the concentration levels, to assess the probable sources of PAHs contamination in soil and groundwater and to determine the ecological risk. The ∑16PAHs in soil (at depths of 30 cm, 100 cm, 200 cm, 300 cm and 400 cm) ranged from 0.99 to 2.24 mg/kg, from 0.34 to 0.46, from 0.24 to 0.32, from 0.13 to 0.27 and from 0.13 to 0.47, with mean values of 1.70 mg/kg, 0.40 mg/kg, 0.28 mg/kg, 0.20 mg/kg and 0.26 mg/kg, respectively. The ∑16PAHs in groundwater ranged from 0.23 to 4.50 mg/m3, with mean value of 1.42 mg/m3. Surface soil and groundwater are heavily contaminated. All values of ∑PAHs in soil layers were lower in the depths of the soil. Factor analysis indicates three sources of contamination, RC1 (pyrog...
Environmental Earth Sciences, 2012
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in urban environments including urban soils. Elevated concentrations of PAHs in urban soils are caused by incomplete combustion of petroleum and coal. This study assesses 16 individual PAH compounds in a total of 112 surficial soil samples. The objective was to assess and compare the levels of contamination as well as examine the main sources of PAHs in four urban agricultural soils using molecular ratios of some specific hydrocarbons. The study showed that PAH levels in soil ranged from 1.23 ng/kg in soil collected from Dzorwulu to 2.95 ng/kg in soil collected from Ghana Broadcasting Cooperation (GBC) vegetable irrigation site. Of the total PAHs, the more water soluble PAHs (2-4 rings), which tend to be concentrated in the vapour phase were found to dominate the soils. The percentage dominance were Dzorwulu (52.8 %), Marine Drive (62.5 %), CSIR (53.2 %) and GBC (49.2 %). However, there were significant levels of the more carcinogenic PAHs (5-6 rings) present with percentages as 47.1, 37.5 46.8 and 50.8 % for Dzorwulu, Marine Drive, CSIR and GBC vegetable irrigation sites, respectively, and therefore, may impact negatively on public health. Based on the classification by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Pulawy, Poland, urban soils in Accra could be classified as contaminated to different levels. Molecular ratios of Flu/pyr and PA/Ant were calculated to determine the main sources of PAHs. Results showed that PAHs could originate mainly from incomplete combustion of petroleum products, especially from atmospheric fallout from automobile exhausts. The study further showed that B(a)P concentration of 0.05 ng/kg in soil from GBC urban vegetable irrigation site requires immediate clean-up exercise and monitoring to mitigate human health impact.
Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 2016
A comprehensive study conducted for investigating the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bitumen contaminated (BC) and industrial contaminated (IC) soils of Kermanshah province to evaluate their sources and health risk assessment. Forty-two surface soil (0-30 cm) samples were collected and analyzed for 16 PAHs. The total PAHs concentrations, show a mean value of 31.33 mg/kg and 56.31 mg/kg, ranging from 7.35 to 291.38 mg/kg and 6.59 to 662.83 mg/kg in BC and IC soil samples respectively. Positive matrix factorization model (PMF) was used to investigate the source apportionment of PAHs. PMF analysis identified four sources of PAHs as; fossil fuel combustion and unburned petroleum (28.76%), biomass/coal burning (23.55%), vehicular emissions (23.67%) and creosotes (24.01 %) in BC soils and biomass combustion (44.11%), unburned petroleum and coal combustion (17.54%), fossil fuel combustion (19.02%) and creosotes (19.32 %) in IC soils. Ecological risk assessment of PAHs showed that all of the PAHs levels are higher than the effects range low (ERL) values, except for benzo(a)anthracene. Three rings and fluoranthene of the PAHs in IC soils and Nap, Acy, Ace, Phe, Ant, Flt and DBA in BC soil samples reveal higher concentrations than the effects range median (ERM) values. Benzo(a)pyrene equation (BaP eq) values indicate that the carcinogenic potency of PAHs should be given more awareness due to impending environmental risk in the study area. The total incremental life time cancer risk (ILCR) of exposure to PAHs is 9.21 × 10-3 for adult and 9.54 × 10-3 for children in BC soil samples and 1.13 × 10-2 for adult and 1.17 × 10-2 for children in IC soil samples. Estimated results of ILCR indicate that soil samples are potentially exposed to high cancer risk via both ingestion and dermal contact.
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk Due to Accidental Ingestion of PAHs in Contaminated Soils
CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 2011
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are types of hazardous contaminants, which their ingestion could cause severe consequences on human health. Leakages from storage tanks, underground pipelines, and evaporation ponds are the main sources of soil and groundwater contaminations at the Tehran Oil Refinery area (TOR site), located in south of Tehran, Iran. In this study, soil samples were collected from different locations at and adjacent to a polluted stream in the south of the refinery. The samples were analyzed for two hazardous PAH compounds, namely benzo[a]anthracene and acenaphthene. The clean up levels due to the accidental ingestion of contaminated soils at the site were also investigated in accordance to the U.S.EPA guidelines. Comparing the soil analysis results indicated that the benzo[a]anthracene concentrations in the samples varied from 53 to 299 mg/kg, which were higher than the clean up level of 1.17 mg/kg. Thus, soil remediation is required for this contaminant. The acenaphthene analysis results denoted that the average concentration of this contaminant was below the clean up level of 116.67 mg/kg, indicating that no treatment for this contaminant is necessary at the TOR site. Also, because the slope of the ground extends to the south of the stream, which stimulates the migration of the contaminants in this direction due to advection and dispersion mechanisms, the average of benzo[a]anthracene concentrations in south samples was higher than north samples (i.e., C avg(S) ¼ 160 ppm, C avg(N) ¼ 113 ppm). Various treatment techniques such as thermal desorption, soil vapor extraction (SVE), and solidification/stabilization (S/S) were investigated for this site. Due to moderate to high plasticity and relatively low permeability of the soil and low volatility of benzo[a]anthracene, however S/S method is recommended as a practical approach for the remediation of the soil at the site.
Science of The Total Environment, 2014
As a developing country, the economic and population growth rates in Ghana over the past few years have seen tremendous increase. The growing rate of industrialization is gradually leading to contamination and deterioration of the environment and pollution is likely to reach disturbing levels. Surface soil samples were collected randomly from 36 communities in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana, to determine the concentrations, distribution, sources and toxic potential of emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) since no such comprehensive study has been conducted. The mean concentration of total PAHs in the surface soils in each community ranged from 14.78 at Ahinsan to 2084 ng/g dry weight at Adum with an average of 442.5 ± 527.2 ng/g dry weight. Diagnostic ratios and chemical mass balance models of the results showed that PAHs in surface soil samples from the study area were mainly from fuel combustion. Carcinogenic potency of PAHs load from the city centre was approximately 150 times higher as compared to a pristine site, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology's Botanical Garden. BaP, a human carcinogen, contributed 70% of the total PAHs toxicity level from the city centre of Kumasi.
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2012
Additional analytical method details: For PAHs analysis, the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A, Agilent Co., USA) equipped with a mass selective detector (Agilent 5975C, Agilent Co., USA). The DB-5 capillary column (Agilent Co.,USA) used in this study was 30 m in length with an internal diameter of 0.25 mm and a film thickness of 0.25 μm. The column temperature was programmed to initially hold at 60 0 C for 1 min, to rise from 60 0 C to 150 0 C at a rate of 15 0 C/min, and to then increase to 220 0 C at 5 0 C/min and finally to increase to 300 0 C at 10 0 C/min, thereafter 300 0 C was maintained for 5 min. 1 μL sample was injected in a splitless mode. Helium was used as the carrier gas at flow rate of 1.2 ml min-1. The electron-impact energy was 70 eV and the mass-to-change ration scan (m/z) was from 50 to 500 amu. The selected ion mode (SIM) was chosen and data acquisition and processing were controlled by a Agilent Chem-Station data system. Final amount of corresponding PAHs were calculated from the relative signal ratio of PAHs in samples to those in internal standard. All analytical procedures were subjected to strict quality control. Quantification of method blanks (solvent), spiked blanks (standards spiked into solvent), and matrix spike (standards spiked into matrix) was undertaken. Surrogate standards were added to all samples (including those for QA) to monitor the procedures of sample extraction, cleanup and analysis. During the GC-MS analysis, the response factors for individual PAHs relative to the internal standard were determined by the analysis of the calibration solution containing 16 PAHs, 5 deuterated PAHs and one internal standard (fluoranthene-d10). The recovery efficiencies of naphthalene-d8 acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10, chrysene-d12 and perylene-d12 were 42.39%-55.32%%, 77.24%-92.39%, 79.09%-99.15%, 81.22%-117.68%% and 58.17%-86.05%, respectively. The recovery efficiency was also checked by analyzing soil samples spiked with known amount of PAHs standard. The spiking recovery of individual PAHs ranges from 54.5 to 116.5% with a mean value of 97.1% for the 16 PAHs. The concentrations reported in this paper were calibrated by the blank levels and not corrected by the surrogate recovery efficiencies. The limit of detection (LOD) for PAHs ranged from 0.098-1.33 ng g-1. A random selection of samples (about 25% of total) was analysed in duplicate (RSD for replicates were <10%).
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2014
The paper is aimed at the investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils collected at depths of 15 to 100cm from two spilled sites in the vicinity of a leaking pipeline (Calabar, Nigeria). The soils were prepared in the laboratory using standard procedure and were analyzed for sixteen priority PAHs using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS).The concentration of total PAHs (TPAHs) in the contaminated soils ranged from 4.28 to 29.77mg/Kg and decreased with depth. These levels are higher than values obtained from rural and semi urban soils but lower than values obtained from soils in the vicinity of some petroleum handling facilities in part of the study area. Generally the soils were relatively enriched with medium-and lower-molecular-weight PAHs. Phenanthrene/Anthracene, Fluoranthene/Pyrene, Fluorantine/Fluorantine+Pyrene and Benzo(A)Anthracene/Chrysene ratios and the relative abundance of PAHs according to the number of rings were used to access the sources of PAHs. In addition, the main mechanism of PAHs transport in the study area was proposed. © JASEM