Evaluation of Human Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Some Edible Oils and Shea Butter in Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Journal of the American Oil …, 2004
Edible oils such as coconut, groundnut, hydrogenated vegetable, linseed, mustard, olive, palm, refined vegetable, rice bran, safflower, sesame, soybean, and sunflower were analyzed for the presence of light and heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues using liquid-liquid extraction, cleanup on a silica gel column, and resolution and determination by HPLC using a fluorescence detector. Ten PAH viz. acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, benz(ghi)perylene, chrysene, coronene, cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were monitored. Analysis of 296 oil samples showed that 88.5% (262) samples were contaminated with different PAH. Of 262 contaminated edible oil samples, 66.4% of the samples showed PAH content of more than the 25 µg/kg recommended by the German Society for Fat Science. The total PAH content was highest in virgin olive oil (624 µg/kg) and lowest in refined vegetable oils (40.2 µg/kg). The maximum content (265 µg/kg) of heavy PAH was found in olive oil and the minimum (4.6 µg/kg) in rice bran oil. Phenanthrene was present in 58.3% of the oil samples analyzed, followed by anthracene (53%). Among the heavy PAH, benzo(e)pyrene was observed in 31.2% of the samples followed by benzo(a)pyrene (25.5%). The intake of PAH was highest through olive oil (20.8 µg/day) followed by soybean oil (5.0 µg/day) and lowest through refined vegetable oil (1.3 µg/day). Based on these monitoring studies, international and national guidelines for permissible levels of PAH can be prepared so as to restrict the intake of these toxic contaminants.
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2018
Totally forty samples (23 brands) of different types of edible oils including frying oil (n = 14), blended oil (n = 13), sunflower oil (n = 6), corn oil (n = 5) and canola oil (n = 2) from Iran's market were analyzed for PAHs content by a High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector. Also, the Health risk assessment in the adults and children consumers were estimated by the calculating margin of exposure (MOE) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. Approximately all of the samples contained different amounts of PAHs, while concentrations of BaP, PAH 4, PAH 8 and PAH 13 were reported as 0.90-11.33, 3.51-84.03, 7.41-117.12 and 129.28-19.54 μg/kg, respectively. Light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons corresponded to 65% of total PAHs while the remaining 35% belonged to heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on BaP content, 12 samples were above the standard limits (2 μg/kg) which set by the Stan...
Edible oils such as coconut, groundnut, hydrogenated vegetable, linseed, mustard, olive, palm, refined vegetable, rice bran, safflower, sesame, soybean, and sunflower were analyzed for the presence of light and heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues using liquid-liquid extraction, cleanup on a silica gel column, and resolution and determination by HPLC using a fluorescence detector. Ten PAH viz. acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, benz(ghi)perylene, chrysene, coronene, cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were monitored. Analysis of 296 oil samples showed that 88.5% (262) samples were contaminated with different PAH. Of 262 contaminated edible oil samples, 66.4% of the samples showed PAH content of more than the 25 µg/kg recommended by the German Society for Fat Science. The total PAH content was highest in virgin olive oil (624 µg/kg) and lowest in refined vegetable oils (40.2 µg/kg). The maximum content (265 µg/kg) of heavy PAH was found in olive oil and the minimum (4.6 µg/kg) in rice bran oil. Phenanthrene was present in 58.3% of the oil samples analyzed, followed by anthracene (53%). Among the heavy PAH, benzo(e)pyrene was observed in 31.2% of the samples followed by benzo(a)pyrene (25.5%). The intake of PAH was highest through olive oil (20.8 µg/day) followed by soybean oil (5.0 µg/day) and lowest through refined vegetable oil (1.3 µg/day). Based on these monitoring studies, international and national guidelines for permissible levels of PAH can be prepared so as to restrict the intake of these toxic contaminants.
Presence and Levels of Common Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Staple Foods of Nigerians
Food and Public Health, 2012
We investigated the presence and levels of 11 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 4 commonly consumed roasted food delicacies in Owerri, a southeastern city of Nigeria. Freshly roasted plantain, yam, fish and meat (popularly called suya) samples were purchased from 10 roadside fast-food sellers in the municipality, preserved in labelled sterile amber bottles with benzene and taken to the laboratory in iced-chest. A gas chromatograph coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was used in the analysis of samples. The single factor ANOVA and means plots were used to detect homogeneity in mean variance and structure of group means of the PAHs determined in the foods, respectively. Roasted plantain contained the highest level of combined PAHs measured (0.0465 mg/kg), followed by suya (0.0372 mg/kg); with mean concentrations of 0.004227 (± 0.0019135) and 0.003382 (± 0.0023045) mg/kg, respectively. However, least concentration of the combined PAHs of 0.0135 (0.001227 ± 0.0004152) mg/kg was recorded in roasted fish. There was significant heterogeneity [F (214.52) >F crit(3.95) ] at P<0.05 (95% confidence limit) in the concentrations of the PAHs in the foods sampled. Post-hoc means plots revealed that the heterogeneity was most contributed by fluorene in suya, acenaphthene and phenanthrene in roasted fish, phenanthrene and anthracene in roasted plantain, and anthracene in roasted yam samples. The higher concentrations of these hydrocarbons in suya than roasted yam could be due to the longer roasting duration, higher fat content of meat, and pyrolysis resulting from melted fat from meat dropping onto the heat source. However, the higher concentrations of combined PAHs recorded in roasted plantain than meat (suya) and roasted fish could be due to the closer distances the plantain samples were (usually) placed to the source of the heat and the higher temperature required for roasting the plantains than meat and fish. The study reveals high concentrations of the PAHs in the foods sampled. This therefore places the several consumers at potential health risk.
Incidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oil blends
Food Control, 2014
The aim of this work is to determine the levels of Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons in both refined and unrefined oil sold in Umuahia, Nigeria. A total of 13 PAH standard (naphthalene, acenapthylene, acenaphthene fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene) out of the US EPA priority PAH standards were used for PAH identification and quantification using Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) fitted to a capillary column Restex 30 meter at 0.53mmID. The refined and unrefined oil were heated for 1 min and 5 mins to determine the effect of short time heating on PAH formation in the oil. Benzo[a]anthracene, (619.2μg/kg) was found in the refined oil. However, anthracene, (4824 μg/kg) and flourene (1584μg/kg) were found in the unrefined oil heated for 1 minute. Most of PAH were below the instrument detection limit (1.44μg/kg).
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetable oils from unconventional sources
Food Control, 2013
The levels of 4 compounds from the group of light PAHs listed by the US EPA and 15 PAHs listed by the EU Scientific Committee on Food were determined in selected unconventional oils. PAHs determination was performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescent and diode array detectors (HPLC-FLD/DAD). Similar quality profiles of PAHs, with light PAHs being predominant, were stated. Total content of 19 PAHs varied from 23.41 (poppy seed oil) to 234.30 mg/kg (pumpkin seed oil). In most analyzed products, from the group of 15 PAHs benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[k] fluoranthene were detected. Benzo[a]pyrene was detected in amaranth, pumpkin, sesame, blackseed and borage oil, whereas in pumpkin seed oil its concentration was about 8 times higher than the maximum tolerable limit (2 mg/kg) stated in Commission Regulation (EU) No. 835/2011. The sum of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene, for which the maximum tolerable limit has been set in Commission Regulation (EU) No. 835/2011 at the level of 10 mg/kg, were found in the range from 0.00 (linseed oil) to 35.03 mg/kg (pumpkin seed oil).
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2016
The levels of 15 + 1 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (15 + 1 EU PAHs) have been determined in different edible oils (extra virgin olive oil, virgin olive oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, and soybean oil) available in the Syrian market. The samples have been prepared by donoracceptor complex chromatography and subsequently characterized by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection for quantification purposes. Variable levels of contamination have been found within different kinds of edible oil samples, and only chrysene has been detected in all the studied samples. Moreover, the mean total sum of 15 + 1 EU PAHs has shown variation from 29.8 µg/kg (corn oil) to 63.7 µg/kg (virgin olive oil). A total of 11 samples out of 38 samples (28.9%) have not fulfilled the European Union (EU) food law requirements. Nine samples have exceeded the EU legislation limit of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (2 µg/kg) and only two samples have exceeded the EU legislation limit of PAH4 (10 µg/kg) and had acceptable level of BaP. Finally, the mean and maximum dietary exposures of PAHs through consumption of edible oils have been estimated.
Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs are carcinogenic, mutagenic and persistent organic compounds commonly generated from incomplete combustion of organic matters. Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris and maize, Zea mays form part of staple foods commonly consumed and are highly rich in protein and carbohydrate respectively. This study compared the concentration levels of the sixteen priority PAHs in different types of beans (Potasikum, white iron, brown iron, Gausau and Nija red) and maize (white, yellow and pop corn) obtained from various markets in south east Nigeria. The purchased beans and maize samples were picked, ground and extraction was by sonication with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and hexane in the ratio of 3:1. The determination of PAHs was by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, GC-FID. The result showed that the PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) of lower molecular weight PAHs, LMW detected in the analyzed beans samples ranged from 8.842±4.743 to 12.590±8.068 in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively with percentages of 41.09% and 44.90% and 5.998±4.725 to 9.385±11.339 in pop and white corn respectively at 25.58% and 34.46%. While the high molecular weight, HMW PAHs concentration levels (× 10-2 µg/kg) varied from 12.673±5.554 in white iron beans to 16.998±3.129 in Nija red beans at 58.88% and 63.95% and from 17.84±11.768 in pop maize to 18.153±10.421 in yellow maize at 74.83% and 67.43% respectively. The probable carcinogenic PAH8 concentrations detected varied from (8.875±2.725 to 11.796±3.018) × 10-2 µg/kg in white iron beans and brown iron beans respectively and from (10.82±6.183 to 13.573±8.789) × 10-2 µg/kg in pop and yellow maize respectively.. Diagnostic ratio calculated showed fuel combustion to be the main source of emission. The sixteen priority PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at a very low concentration levels, lower than the permissible limit of 1.0 µg/kg established by EFSA for cereals and cereal based products. Hence these (PAHs) can at a long time accumulation in the body be very harmful. There is need to establish a permissible limit of PAHs in beans and other legume grains by either European Food Safety Authority, EFSA or other regulatory bodies.