Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and children with intellectual disabilities and their stress and general health (original) (raw)
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The impact on Iranian mothers and fathers who have children with an autism spectrum disorder
Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 2014
Background To date, most research with families who have a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been undertaken in English-speaking countries. Increased levels of stress allied with poorer health have been commonly reported for mothers, with less attention paid to fathers. This study aimed to document the personal impact on Iranian mothers and fathers and identify the correlates of increased stress and poorer emotional well-being. Method In all, 103 parents (58 mothers and 45 fathers) from 74 families who had a child with ASD volunteered to take part in the study. Each participant completed through interview, standardised rating scales of parenting stress, emotional wellbeing and family functioning as well as rating their child's autistic symptoms, including stereotyped behaviours. Results Mothers had significantly higher scores than fathers on measures of stress and emotional well-being. Although these variables were highly correlated, binary logistic regression identified that the poorer health was also associated with lower educational levels of the parents, more behavioural problems with the child and fewer autistic symp-toms overall. A similar regression analysis of stress scores identified no gender differences but found that lower stress was associated with mothers and fathers who were joint caregivers and when the family lived with relatives. Conclusions Iranian parents experience broadly similar responses to parents in other countries, which suggests that the impact of ASD outweighs any cultural differences that might otherwise be present in parental responses to caring for children. In common with families internationally, these parents are likely to benefit from opportunities to become better informed about ASD and the management of their child at home allied with increased support from families and friends.
Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research
Most of the studies about parenting stress among parents of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) have been conducted in western societies. The objective of this research, conducted in Iran, is to evaluate the parenting stress among fathers and mothers of children with ASD and find the correlation between severity of the disorder in children and the level of parental stress. Participants included 42 couples having children aged between 2 and 12 diagnosed with ASD based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria. The diagnosis was made by two child and adolescent psychiatrists. Demographic information of the participants was collected using a questionnaire. The severity of pervasive developmental disorder in children was determined based on Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS); stress of parents was measured using Parenting Stress Index (PSI). Collected information was analyzed by the SPSS (version 16) software. Evaluation of sub...
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2016
Previous studies carried out in Euro-American populations have unequivocally indicated that psychological disorders of the CASD (caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder) are marked with high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. This finding has been attributed to the reaction of having to care for a child with neurodevelopmental disorders. While there have been reports on autism spectrum disorder in Arab/Islamic countries such as Oman, there is no study from this region, to our knowledge, reporting the performance of indices of stress, anxiety, and depression among CASD. This study aimed to examine whether there is variation in the performance of indices of stress, depression, and anxiety explored via Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 among CASD, caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities, and caregivers of typically developing children. All indices of stress, depression, and anxiety were higher in CASD compared to other caregivers in the control group. This study corroborates with other studies carried out in other populations that caring for children impacts the mental health status of caregivers. Therefore, there are strong grounds to contemplate the mechanism to help such a vulnerable group of family caregivers.
Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Parents of Children with Autism in Oman: A Case-Control Study
Background: There is an increasing evidence supporting the notion that caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) suffer from increased risk of psychological disturbances. Nonetheless, results are not consistent with regard to prevalence rates and types of psychological disturbances. In particular, the evidence exploring this topic among Arab communities is almost lacking. Objectives: To describe patterns of stress, depression, and anxiety among parents of children with ASD among an Arab population in Oman, compared to parents of non-ASD children. Methods: A population-based case-control study has been conducted on 122 parents of ASD children and two control groups: 90parents of typically-developed children(TD group) and 81 parents of children suffer from intellectual disabilities other than ASD (ID group). Stress, anxiety, and depression among study groups have been assessed using a validated and standardized Arabic version of The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scal...
Psychological Well-Being of Mothers of Children With Autism in Saudi Arabia
Cureus, 2022
Introduction Previous studies reported that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience higher levels of stress than parents of children with typical development. Methods This study conducted a quantitative cross-sectional survey to evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among mothers of children with ASD compared with mothers of children with typical development. In addition, we assessed whether the perception of social support is correlated to psychological well-being. The study recruited a non-probability sample of 143 mothers of children with ASD and a comparison group of 143 mothers of children with typical development. For data collection, an online questionnaire was used to investigate the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress using the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and examine social support for mothers using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results No significant difference was observed in the levels of depression and anxiety between both groups. Nevertheless, extremely severe levels of depression and anxiety were observed in 23.1% and 27.3% of mothers in the ASD group compared with 11.9% and 16.8% for the control group, respectively. Alternatively, a significant difference exists between the two groups in the levels of stress. Extremely severe stress was identified in 17.5% of mothers of children with ASD compared with only 6.3% in the control group (p = 0.04). Lastly, the study found a significant correlation among the scores for stress, anxiety, and depression and for MSPSS. Conclusion Providing mental health services for mothers in need and investigating the underlying factors of extremely severe levels of depression and anxiety are recommended initiatives.
Perceived stress among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder in Egypt
Emerald Publishing Limited, ISSN 2056-3868, 2021
Purpose-Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their families especially their mothers face numerous and pervasive challenges. Difficulties to access quality care, financial burden, issues of adulthood and their child's behaviors may produce significant stressors to mothers. This study aims to assess perceived stress among mothers of children with ASD in Egypt. Design/methodology/approach-A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt on 94 mothers of children with ASD using a structured questionnaire of the sociodemographic and clinical features of the studied mothers and their children and the perceived stress scale (PSS). Findings-The mean total PSS score of mothers was 31.97 6 12.39 and the level of autism had a statistically significant relation with stress perceived by the studied mothers. Research limitations/implications-The findings in this study were based on caregivers' selfreporting. As such, inaccurate reporting might have biased the findings. The main limitations of this study include non-participation and dropout. During data collection, some mothers declined to participate in the study. Also, the current study was conducted in one hospital. This represents a loss of valuable information and may weaken the generalizability of the current study findings. Another limitation is the use of a convenience sample in the study. With the use of convenience sampling, there is an increased risk of bias, as study participants may not accurately reflect the characteristics of the total population. Practical implications-Caregivers' education programs through media and press should be developed for mothers of children with ASD to help those who experience levels of stress by presenting knowledge about ASD and treatment and training on adaptive coping methods and teaching communication and problemsolving. Recognizing levels of stress and parent counseling may be a useful strategy. Regular periodic meetings should be conducted between mothers and hospital personnel to promote proper communication. One key policy implication, this paper can derive from this study is the need for cooperation between the Ministry of Health, social welfare and other relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations to provide support for families of individuals with ASD such as financial aids. It is also recommended that future study would benefit a larger sample to enhance external validity. As well, future qualitative research is recommended to more fully understand the lived experience of mothers of children with ASD. Originality/value-This study provides evidence that mothers of children with ASD experienced high perceived stress. Caregivers' education programs through media and press should be developed in Egypt for mothers of children with ASD.
Parental Stress of Pakistani Families with Children who Have Developmental Disabilities
Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Background: The goal of this research was to find out what factors were associated with these parenting effects in Pakistani mothers and dads who had children with intellectual disability (ID) or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) A total of 191 parents agreed to take part in the study, 100 of whom had a child with ADS and 91 of whom had a child with ID. Each participant filled out standardized parenting stress scale rating scales and provided demographic data during the interview. Families who have children with Autism and ID have higher emotional state, according to structural equation modelling. Objective: To find out parental stress of Pakistani families with children who have developmental disabilities. Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted through five different organizations in Lahore, Pakistan (Bases, Rising sun, Dimensions, Autism resource center, Oasis) and from two hospitals (Mayo Hospital Lahore and Sheikh Zaid Hospital). Standardized questionnaire (Parental ...
Quality of Life of Mothers and Fathers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Jordan
Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health
Background: Parenting children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is widely identified to be associated with life-long impairment in parents’ quality of life (QoL). However, there has been little information on the QoL of parents of children with ASD in the Jordanian context. Objective: This study aimed to assess the QoL among mothers and fathers who have children with ASD in Jordan and to identify factors associated with it. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, respondents were mothers and fathers of children with ASD attending autism rehabilitation centers in Amman. Data were collected from 206 participants using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA and logistic regression, were applied. Results: Overall quality of life was low (mean= 2.32). The physical dimension scored the highest (mean =2.79), and the environmental dimension scored the lowest (mean= 2.06). Results indicated that fathers and parents with low education reported significantly lower ...
5 Parenting Stress in Mothers and Fathers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
2020
A number of studies have demonstrated that parents of children with developmental disabilities experience higher levels of stress than parents of typically developing children (e.g. Hodapp et al., 2003; Johnson et al., 2003). Webster and colleagues (2008) found that the scores in the Parenting Stress Index were above 85 th percentile in over 40% of parents of children with developmental delay, indicating significant parenting stress. Parental stress is viewed as a complex set of non-specific, persistent and significant challenges associated with one of parents' most important roles, i.e. taking care of their child. Despite a considerable amount of data on stress in parents of children with disabilities, there is still no consensus on the conceptualization of this phenomenon (Perry, 2004). The theoretical framework adopted in a number of studies is the transactional model of stress and coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). In this approach, stress is a particular type of an individual's relationship with the environment, which the individual appraises as putting certain demands or overextending his/her resources, and thus threatening his/her well-being (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Parental stress is associated with the type of disability present in the child (Gupta, 2007). A number of authors have reported higher levels of stress in mothers of children with autism compared with mothers of children with other developmental disabilities, e.g. Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, severe intellectual disability (