Review: Effects of fibre, grain starch digestion rate and the ileal brake on voluntary feed intake in pigs (original) (raw)
Related papers
2006
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary starch sources on the balance of glucose and amino acids across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of growing pigs. Four Duroc×Landrance×Yolkshire cross-bred barrows (with an average body wt of 22.5 kg) were housed individually in stainless steel metabolism cages and trained to consume feed provided daily. After a 2-wk adaptation period, pigs were tted with permanent catheters in the portal vein, mesenteric vein, and carotid artery. After a 13-d recovery period, pigs were assigned randomly into one of 4 treatment groups in a 4×4 Latin square design representing 4 cornstarchand casein-based isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing 52.0% corn, 65.8% brown rice, 65.3% sticky rice, and 51.8% Hi-Maize 1043 (resistant starch). Pigs were fed 3 times daily at 07:30, 15:30 and 23:30 at a feeding level of >963 kJ DE/kg diet. Each diet was fed to the pig after a 6-d adaptation period. On d 7, blood samples were obtained...
Journal of Animal Science, 2012
Traditionally in swine nutrition, analyses of starch and ber have focused on assessing quantity; however, both have a wide range of functional properties making them underappreciated nutrients. Starch ranging from low to high amylose changes from rapidly digestible in the upper gut to poorly digestible but fermentable in the lower gut thereby changing from a source of glucose to VFA source. Likewise, bers ranging from low to high viscosity affect digesta ow and from slowly to rapidly fermentable alter production of VFA serving as energy for the gut or whole body. Our hypothesis is that total extent, kinetics, and site of digestion or fermentation of starch and ber are important for whole body nutrient use and intestinal health. To elucidate their effects, we developed in vitro, lab-based methodologies to describe kinetics of digestion and fermentation and linked these with in vivo models including i) ileum cannulation to collect digesta, ii) portal-vein catheterization to sequentially sample blood, iii) slaughter method to collect site-speci c intestinal tissue and digesta, and iv) indirect calorimetry. Using these methods, kinetics of nutrient absorption was associated with pancreatic and intestinal hormones released into the portal vein, intestinal microbiota, and gene expression in intestinal tissue and microbiota. These studies con rmed that slowly digestible starch is partially degraded in the distal small and large intestine and fermented into VFA including butyrate (10-fold increase in net portal appearance), which reduces insulin responses by 60% and whole body energy use. Starch entering the distal intestine altered mRNA abundance of nutrient transporters and was bi dogenic. Extremely viscous puri ed ber dampened glycemic responses and reduced digesta passage rate by 50% thereby increasing ileal digestion of dietary nutrients whereas increased ber in feed grains reduced nutrient digestibility. Fermentable ber increased butyrate and insulin production. These methods will therefore support elucidation of mechanisms that link starch and ber properties to whole body nutrient use and intestinal health.
Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review
Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
Starch from cereal grains, pulse grains, and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55% of the diet. In pigs, starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreatic α-amylase, and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides (glucose) for absorption. Resistant starch (RS) is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for absorption. SCFA in turn, influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs. These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes, maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity, and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic ba...
Role of dietary fibre source and meal size on the ileal transit of digesta in growing pigs
Livestock Science, 2010
Dietary fibre and meal size may regulate motility and digestive transit time through the gastrointestinal tract. We studied the effect of diets containing either white rice or oats (as low and high fibre sources, respectively), offered at two levels of feeding (41.4 and 82.4 g feed/kg W 0.75 •day), on the kinetics of the rate of passage of digesta through the gastrointestinal tract until the ileum (pGIT) in pigs. Eight 45-kg pigs fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum were used following a double Latin square design. The rate of digesta passage, lag time (T lag) and mean retention time (MRT) through the ileal cannula were measured for 36 h using titanium dioxide (TiO 2) and Cr-mordanted fibre as indigestible markers for whole digesta and the fibrous phase of digesta, respectively. The effects of cereal source and feeding level and their interaction on the pGIT digesta kinetics parameters were analyzed for each marker. As expected, TiO 2 had a shorter MRT than Cr-mordanted fibre (7.0 h vs 10.4 h; P b 0.001), indicating that they followed different phases of digesta. Oats resulted in faster rate of digesta passage (P b 0.05) than rice for Cr-mordanted fibre, and in longer T lag (P b 0.05) and MRT (P = 0.05) for TiO 2. No effect of feeding level or interaction between feeding level and cereal source were observed for any of the markers (P N 0.1). It is concluded that the cereal source (i.e. fibre content), but not the feeding levels tested affect the pGIT kinetics of the rate of digesta passage in pigs.
PLOS ONE, 2016
Aside from being used as stabilizing agents in many processed foods, chemically modified starches may act as functional dietary ingredients. Therefore, development of chemically modified starches that are less digestible in the upper intestinal segments and promote fermentation in the hindgut receives considerable attention. This study aimed to investigate the impact of an enzymatically modified starch (EMS) on nutrient flow, passage rate, and bacterial activity at ileal and post-ileal level. Eight ileal-cannulated growing pigs were fed 2 diets containing 72% purified starch (EMS or waxy cornstarch as control) in a cross-over design for 10 d, followed by a 4-d collection of feces and 2-d collection of ileal digesta. On d 17, solid and liquid phase markers were added to the diet to determine ileal digesta flow for 8 h after feeding. Reduced small intestinal digestion after the consumption of the EMS diet was indicated by a 10%-increase in ileal flow and fecal excretion of dry matter and energy compared to the control diet (P<0.05). Moreover, EMS feeding reduced ileal transit time of both liquid and solid fractions compared to the control diet (P<0.05). The greater substrate flow to the large intestine with the EMS diet increased the concentrations of total and individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces (P<0.05). Total bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance was not affected by diet, whereas the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus group decreased (P<0.01) by 50% and of Enterobacteriaceae tended (P<0.1) to increase by 20% in ileal digesta with the EMS diet compared to the control diet. In conclusion, EMS appears to resemble a slowly digestible starch by reducing intestinal transit and increasing SCFA in the distal large intestine.
2002
Male growing pigs were fed a diet containing 250 g/kg of native corn starch (CS; 26% amylose, 74% amylopectin) or 250 g/kg of raw potato starch (RPS), as examples of digestible starch and resistant starch (Type II), respectively. Whole-tract digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and starch were greater in pigs fed CS than in those fed RPS through at least d 23 of the study. However, the values progressively increased in the RPS-fed pigs up to d 38, at which time the groups did not differ in organic matter and starch digestibility. The digestive tract and colonic digesta were heavier and colon length longer in pigs fed the RPS diet. Digestibility of starch in the ileum on d 38 was significantly lower in RPS-fed pigs, but rose from ileum to rectum; most starch was extensively fermented in the cecum and proximal colon. Purine base (PB) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in feces initially increased and then decreased beginning on d 4 for PB and on d 21 for SCFA...
Livestock Science, 2007
We investigated the effect of potato starch, a source of resistant starch (RS), in diets for newly weaned pigs on production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and intestinal morphology. At weaning, at 4 weeks of age, 24 pigs were divided into 3 groups and fed diets containing 0 (C), 80 (P80) or 160 (P160) g raw potato starch per kg feed for 12 days. Pigs fed P160 had the longest villi whereas pigs fed P80 had the deepest crypts. Villous height at the mid-small intestine and average daily gain were positively correlated (r = 0.59, P b 0.01). The daily gain tended to be lower (P = 0.08) for pigs fed P80 than for pigs fed C or P160. The colon weight increased in pigs fed RS which coincided with an increased crypt depth in the colon. The concentration of SCFA increased in the large intestine with increasing amount of RS. The proportion of acetic acid decreased and the proportion of butyric acid increased in pigs fed P80 and P160. The increased SCFA production, especially of butyrate, may explain the colonic growth.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2002
A repeated 4 × 4 Latin square design was performed with eight ileal cannulated castrates to study the effect of source of starch and fibre on apparent ileal and faecal digestibility, and crude protein (CP) and fat balance. The experimental diets were based on cooked rice (C) and cooked rice with addition of raw potato starch (P), sugar beet pulp (S) and wheat bran (W). The inclusion of potato starch reduced (P < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of organic matter (OM) and starch, and the total tract digestibility of CP. The ileal digestibility of potato starch was calculated to be 0.75. Inclusion of fibre sources (sugar beet pulp and wheat bran) in the basal diet resulted in a reduction (P < 0.05) in the ileal and faecal digestibility of dietary components (except for starch) and energy. While there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the ileal digestibility of dietary components and energy between fibre sources, the total tract digestibility of dietary components (except for CP and starch) and energy were lower (P < 0.05) for the insoluble fibre source (wheat bran). With the exception of mannose and uronic acid the ileal digestibility of individual sugars were unaffected (P > 0.05) by diet composition. The inclusion of wheat bran negatively influenced the faecal digestibility of individual sugars (except for xylose) and non-starch polysaccharides. Nitrogen retention was unaffected (P > 0.05) by diet composition, while fat accretion tended (P < 0.10) to be lower in diet C. The latter was due to a low feed and energy intake.