Influence Of Marketing Mix On Adolescents’ Voluntary HIV Testing Uptake In Tanzania: Experience From Physical Evidence (original) (raw)
Related papers
2011
This study was conducted with the aim of fmding out the effectiveness of the marketing communication strategies (MCS) used by Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and the government in combating the Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Disease (AIDS) and Human-Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) scourge among the Secondary School Youth. The research was carried out in Nakuru Municipality Secondary Schools. The sample schools were chosen from a total of 34 secondary schools registered in Nakuru Municipal Council. Questionnaires were given out to a sample group picked from the secondary school within the Municipality. This town was selected for the study because it has a semi-urban setting; that is it has both rural and urban areas within its environs. The analytical tool used was descriptive and numerical statistics. SPSS was used to analyse the data and tables and charts were used for presentation of the information. In the findings it was evident that 70.6% of the respondents (381) have been exposed to the MCS dealing with HIV / AIDS. 63.3% did not give their opinion on whether the talks had encouraged abstinence. On the use of condoms 81.6% of the respondents affirmed that the adverts had encouraged use of condoms for the sexual active youth. The respondents' opinion on stigmatization of HIV positive students was that these students should be retained in school (83.2%). This clearly indicates that stigma against HIV positive students was significantly reduced due to these MCS. It is also evident that 57.7% of the respondents concurred that the MCS encouraged monogamous relationships. The most popular media were T.V and Radio. In conclusion therefore, these MCS against HIV/AIDS have been very successful. The recommendation would be that abstinence is emphasized more as a protective measure against HI'!/AJDS and to have the various stakeholders talking more to the students on this matter. Vll DEFINITION OF TERMS Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome. This is the clinical end stage of HfV disease in an infected Individual characterized by many clinical signs and symptoms. Epidemiology-This is the study of the pattern, extent, speed of the spread of a disease among a population group or across a swathe of territory. Gross Domestic Profit is the total income of a country usually in one year. Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus is the virus that causes AIDS Anti-Retrioviral Therapy is a combination of drugs used by HlV patients. Marketing Communication Strategies are strategies by which an organization or company chooses to use to deliver a clear and consistent message to its audience or target markets. Children-These are young people between the ages of 5-19. Youth-For this study the youth will be considered to be young people between the ages of l3-19 years. VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIDS-Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome. ART-Anti-retroviral therapy. CIA-Community Initiative Account.
Journal of Adolescent Health
Purpose: We hypothesized that an intervention designed to create girl-friendly drug shops would increase access to sexual and reproductive health products and services among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW, ages 15-24) in Tanzania. Methods: We conducted a 4-month randomized trial at 20 drug shops in Shinyanga, Tanzania from August-December 2019, to determine if the Malkia Klabu ("Queen Club") intervention increased AGYW patronage and provision of HIV self-testing (HIVST), contraception, and health facility referrals to AGYW (primary outcomes). Drug shops were randomized 1:1 to the
Journal of Biosocial Science, 2004
This paper uses retrospective event-history data covering a four-year period to examine the timing of exposure to HIV/AIDS education and social marketing condom promotion campaigns, relative to the timing of changes in sexual risk behaviour in Tanzania. Analysis of the event-history data shows that the process of exposure to AIDS education messages and exposure to brand advertising for Salama brand condoms was very different. While exposure to AIDS education was early and gradual, exposure to Salama brand condoms started later, but was much more rapid. After one year of advertising, over half of the target population had been reached by the Salama advertising campaign, mostly through newspapers, radio and television. During the study period, condom use increased from 15% at the beginning of 1993 to 42% at the end of 1996. Increases in condom use were driven both by men who became sexually active, and by men who were not yet protected, or not fully protected. The results further show...
The use of social marketing campaigns to increase HIV testing uptake A Systematic Review
AIDS CARE, 2018
Social marketing campaigns have been increasingly used in HIV prevention efforts to address barriers to HIV testing. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the social marketing campaigns in the past ten years (2008–2017) that have targeted HIV testing or intent to test as an outcome, and synthesize the results to determine which campaigns work or do not work. The search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and ABI/Inform. The quality assessment tool for quantitative studies developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project was used to assess study quality. The search generated 373 articles, of which 13 articles met the inclusion criteria. These articles were from 13 distinct campaigns carried out in 9 countries, twelve of which were in high income countries. Sixty-nine percent (n = 9) of the campaigns targeted MSM, gay men, or MSMW, 23% (n = 3) targeted the general population, while 8% (n = 1) focused on African-American women. The study designs for evaluating the campaigns were predominantly cross-sectional, with 4 of the articles combining two or three study designs to evaluate their campaign. Overall, 38% (n = 5) of the campaigns had an increase in HIV testing outcomes, 23% (n = 3) reported no change in HIV testing outcomes, and the remaining 38% (n = 5) of the studies reported mixed outcomes. The results of the quality rating showed that 69% (n = 9) of the papers had weak global ratings, while 31% (n = 4) had moderate rating. None of the articles had a strong rating. This review displayed that social marketing campaigns intended to increase HIV testing uptake were effective in some context. Social marketing practitioners will need to come up with a standardized way of communicating the results of campaign exposure and impact so as to enhance comparison among the multitude of campaigns.
PLoS ONE, 2012
Background: HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is an integral component of HIV prevention and treatment programmes. However, testing coverage in sub-Saharan Africa is still low, particularly among young people. As treatment becomes more widely available, strategies to expand VCT coverage are critically important. We compare VCT uptake using two delivery strategies (opt-in and opt-out) within the MEMA kwa Vijana trial in 20 communities in northwest Tanzania. Methods: We analysed data from 12,590 young persons (median (IQR) age 22 years (20-23)) to assess the effect of delivery strategy on VCT uptake. Ten communities used an opt-in approach and 10 used opt-out, balanced across intervention and control. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with uptake within each strategy. Results: VCT uptake was significantly higher with the opt-out approach (90.9% vs 60.5%, prevalence ratio = 1.51, CI = 1.41-1.62). Among females, uptake in the opt-out approach was associated with decreased knowledge of HIV acquisition, sex with a casual partner, and being HSV-2 seronegative; among males, uptake was associated with lower education and increasing lifetime partners. In contrast, uptake using the opt-in approach varied by ethnic group, religion and marital status, and increased with increasing knowledge of STI acquisition (males) or pregnancy prevention (females). Conclusion: VCT uptake among young people was extremely high when offered an opt-out strategy. Sociodemographic and knowledge factors affected uptake in different ways depending on delivery strategy. Increased knowledge may increase young persons' self-efficacy, which may have a different impact on testing uptake, depending on the approach used.
PLOS Global Public Health
HIV testing continues to be a challenge among the young population in Tanzania. As of 2017, only 30% of 15–19-year-olds reported getting tested and receiving their results. This study will examine the demographic and socio-behavioral characteristics associated with HIV testing among adolescents and young adults in Tanzania. Interview data from the 2016–2017 Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) were analyzed on 10,128 adolescents and young adults 15–24 years of age, representing 10.5 million youth in Tanzania. Weighted logistic regression was used to model the relationship of HIV testing with demographic and socio-behavioral characteristics. Half (50%) of respondents reported ever having been tested for HIV. HIV testing was significantly lower among males compared with females (AOR = 0.5;95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5–0.6; p<0.001), 15–19 year olds compared with 20–24 year olds (AOR = 0.4;95% CI = 0.4–0.5; p<0.001), no education compared with secondary or post-secondary educat...
Effect of Prices, Distribution Strategies, and Marketing on Demand for HIV Self-testing in Zimbabwe
JAMA Network Open, 2019
IMPORTANCE HIV self-testing is a promising approach for increasing awareness of HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Zimbabwe, where HIV prevalence is 13%. Evidence is lacking, however, on the optimal pricing policies and delivery strategies for maximizing the effect of HIV selftesting. OBJECTIVE To assess demand for HIV self-testing among adults and priority-population subgroups under alternative pricing and distribution strategies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This randomized clinical trial recruited study participants between February 15, 2018, and April 25, 2018, in urban and rural communities in Zimbabwe. A factorial design was used to randomize participants to a combination of self-test price, distribution site, and promotional message. Individuals and their household members had to be at least 16 years old to be eligible for participation. This intention-to-treat population comprised 3996 participants. INTERVENTIONS Participants were given a voucher that could be redeemed for an HIV self-test within 1 month at varying prices (US 0−0-0−3) and distribution sites (clinics or pharmacies in urban areas, and retail stores or community health workers in rural areas). Vouchers included randomly assigned promotional messages that emphasized the benefits of HIV testing. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Proportion of participants who obtained self-tests in each trial arm, measured by distributor records. RESULTS Among the 4000 individuals enrolled, 3996 participants were included. In total, the mean (SD) age was 35 (14.7) years, and most participants (2841 [71.1%]) were female. Self-testing demand was highly price sensitive; 260 participants (32.5%) who were offered free self-tests redeemed their vouchers, compared with 55 participants (6.9%) who were offered self-tests for US $0.50 (odds ratio [OR], 0.14; 95% CI, 0.10-0.19), a reduction in demand of more than 25 percentage points. Demand
SOCIAL MARKETING: GENDER INFLUENCE ON ADOPTION OF HIV/AIDS PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLIS, 2013
A social marketing intervention would be effective only if it brings about positive social behaviour change in a target population, in this case; adoption of HIV prevention methods. The study is a survey conducted in Maiduguri metropolis to examine the influence of gender on adoption of HIV/AIDS prevention methods. Specifically the study assessed the level of awareness on HIV/AIDS and assessed the peoples’ protective behaviours. Data for the study were collected from both primary and secondary sources. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed amongst the sampled respondents. The 283 instruments retrieved were analysed using Descriptive statistics. The findings were that, despite the level of awareness on HIV (70%), a person’s gender has a significant influence on adoption of HIV/AIDS prevention methods with the female gender at a disadvantage. The study recommends amongst others for the proper marketing of HIV prevention tools that women can have control over.
Trends in HIV/AIDS Voluntary Testing in Tanzania: A Case of
2016
This article presents and analyzes status and trends for people who were voluntarily tested for HIV/AIDS infections in Njombe Town Council in Njombe region. The analysis covers five year period between 2007 and 2011. This period was specifically chosen because it was in July 2007 that the government of Tanzania inaugurated a campaign for HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing. Nevertheless, trends for the people who are using Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres and the associated results regarding HIV/AIDS infections are not clearly established. The article utilizes data collected from three Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres in Njombe Urban. Percentages of people infected with HIV/AIDS were computed using a calculator. Findings demonstrate that the number and percentages of people who were voluntarily tested for HIV/AIDS was increasing suggesting that over time more and more people were using voluntary testing and counselling centres (VCT). Interestingl...