Fabrication of 108^{108}108Cd target for the astrophysical p-process studies (original) (raw)
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Physical Review C
The present study, carried out for the first time, contributes to the multidisciplinary work in reactor design and nuclear astrophysics. Cadmium has been chosen for the present study for its significant importance in the development of nuclear reactors and for the astrophysical p process. A stacked foil activation technique followed by offline γ-ray spectroscopy were used to carry out the present work. Cross sections were measured for the 114 Cd(p, γ) 115m reaction due to the scarcity of data observed in the literature. The S factor was calculated from the cross-section data. The 114 Cd(p, n) 114m In reaction was also investigated using the same spectra. Statistical model calculations were performed using the Hauser-Feshbach (HF) code of the latest version of TALYS and were compared with the measured data and the previously measured experimental data available in the literature. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental data was found. The present data follow the trend of theoretical predictions and are in good agreement with the EXFOR database.
Physical Review C, 2009
Penning trap mass measurements on neutron-deficient Cd isotopes 99−109 Cd have been performed with the ISOLTRAP mass spectrometer at ISOLDE/CERN, all with relative mass uncertainties below 3 · 10 −8 . A new mass evaluation has been performed. The mass of 99 Cd has been determined for the first time which extends the region of accurately known mass values towards the doubly magic nucleus 100 Sn. The implication of the results on the reaction path of the rp process in stellar X-ray bursts is discussed. In particular, the uncertainty of the abundance and the overproduction created by the rp-process for the mass A = 99 is demonstrated by reducing the uncertainty of the proton-separation energy of 100 In Sp( 100 In) by a factor of 2.5. * Corresponding address: CERN, Physics Department, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Electronic address: Martin.Breitenfeldt@cern.ch This publication comprises part of the PhD thesis of M. Breitenfeldt
Production cross-sections for the residual radionuclides from the nat Cd(p, x) nuclear processes
We measured the production cross-sections of the 107,111m,115g Cd, 108m,108g,109g,110m,110,111g,113m,114m, 115m,116m In and 104g,105g,106m,110m,111g,113g Ag radionuclides for proton-induced reactions on cadmium by using a stacked-foil activation technique in the energy rangy between 3 and 40 MeV at the MC-50 cyclotron of the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science. The measured cross-sections were compared with the available literature data and the theoretical calculations by the model codes TALYS and ALICE-IPPE. The integral yields for thick targets were also obtained from the measured cross-sections of the produced radionuclides. The measured cross-sections, especially the indium (In) radionuclides have a significance for various practical applications; thin layer activation analysis, nuclear medicine, nuclear technology, radioactive waste handling, etc.
Activation cross-sections on cadmium: Proton induced nuclear reactions up to 80MeV
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 2006
Cross-sections of proton induced nuclear reactions on natural cadmium were measured up to 80 MeV using the standard stacked foil irradiation technique and high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy. Experimental cross-sections and derived integral yields are reported for the nat Cd(p,xn) 107g,108m,108g,109g,110m,110g,111g,112m,113m,114m,115m,116m1 In, nat Cd(p,x) 107,109,111m,115g Cd and nat Cd(p,x) 104g,105g,106m,110m,111g,113g Ag reactions. Earlier experimental data measured on natural cadmium were found only for 109,110,111,113,114 In in the literature. The experimental data are analyzed and compared to the results of the theoretical model code ALICE-IPPE. Applications of the new cross-sections for data validation, medical radioisotope production, thin layer activation and dose calculation are discussed.
A simple method to prepare deuterated targets for experiments relevant to nuclear astrophysics
Review of Scientific Instruments, 2020
In this work, a simple and efficient thin (50 − 250µg/cm 2) deuterated polyethylene target preparation method is described. The method of easy removal of thin targets from casting surface without using any cryogenic freezing has been described. The difference in thermal expansion properties is used to separate films from glass slides. An idea about the amount of CD 2 material needed to prepare films with different thickness is also provided. 3-α radioactive source is used to measure the target thickness. The material property of the prepared targets is verified by Attenuated total reflection (ATR) method.
X-ray absorption in atomic Cd in the K-edge region
Radiation Physics and …, 2006
The X-ray absorption in the K-edge region is measured on Cd vapor in a sealed high-temperature cell. The absorption spectrum, free of structural signal, represents atomic absorption of the element, with fingerprints of multielectron excitations visible after natural-width deconvolution. Absolute values of the atomic photoabsorption coefficient are obtained from renormalization with Cd foil data far from the edge. Possible sources of systematic error in synchrotron radiation measurement of absolute absorption are discussed.
Production of radionuclides by 1.7 GeV proton-induced reactions on CdTe crystals
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 1996
High levels of background radiation are one of the major problems associated with satellite-borne telescopes operating in the gamma-ray domain. Although there are many contributions to this background, cosmic-proton induced radioactivity is perhaps the most difficult to remove because of the delayed gamma-emission. As a part of the INTEGRAL project a series of studies have been performed on a range of materials to determine the production cross sections for unstable isotopes produced by energetic protons. In this paper we present results for the irradiation of small (5 x 5 x 2 mm) cadmium telluride (CdTe) crystal with 1.7 GeV protons. Data are given for experimentally determined production cross sections which are compared to simulation predictions by the GEANT/GCALOR code.
In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy of 101Cd
Nuclear Physics A, 1996
Excited states of ~°tCd were studied in the reaction 58Ni(s°Cr,2pan) l°tCd. The NORDBALL array with a Neutron Wall and a Silicon Ball was employed for the detection of y-rays and evaporated particles. The level scheme of 10t Cd was significantly extended. Shell-model calculations were performed and the excited states were interpreted in terms of neutron particle and proton hole excitations with respect to the doubly magic N = Z = 50 core.
2010
We present our measurements of (Cd,Mn)Te photoconductive detectors (PCDs), fabricated for the goal of measuring both the temporal and spectral dependences of X-ray emissions generated from laser-illuminated targets during the inertial confinement fusion experiments. Our Cd 1-x Mn x Te (x = 0.05) single crystals, doped with V, were grown using a vertical Bridgman method and, subsequently, annealed in Cd for the highest resistivity (~10 10 Ωcm) and a good mobility-lifetime product (~10-3 cm 2 /V). The 1-mm-and 2.3-mm-thick detectors were placed in the same housing as two 1-mm-thick diamond PCDs. All devices were pre-screened by a 7.6-mm-thick Be Xray filter with a frequency cutoff of 1 keV. The incident shots from the OMEGA laser were 1-ns-long square pulses with energies ranging from 2.3 kJ to 22.6 kJ, and the PCDs were biased with 5000 V/cm. The response amplitudes and rise times of our (Cd,Mn)Te PCDs were comparable with the diamond detector performance, while the decay times were 4 to 10 times longer and in the 2-5 ns range. We observed two X-ray emission events separated by 1.24 ns. The first was identified as caused by heating of the target and creating a hot corona, while the second one was from the resulting compressed core. For comparison purposes, our testing was performed using ~1 keV X-ray photons, optimal for the diamond PCD. According to the presented simulations, however, at X-ray energies >10 keV diamond absorption efficiency drops to <50%, whereas for (Cd,Mn)Te the drop occurs at ~100 keV with near perfect, 100% absorption, up to 50 keV.
Beta-delayed proton emission from 97 Cd and 99 Cd
Two new ß-delayed proton precursors, 9'~°9Cd, have been identified at the ISOLDE on-line isotope separator. The proton branching ratio for 99Cd is ( I .7±ó :3) x 10 -' . The 99Cd proton spectrum is discussed in terms of the statistical model with Porter-Thomas fluctuations. The half-life of 9°Cd was determined to be 16 f 3 sec . A search for 98Cd was also performed and it was found to be a pure ß-emitter with a probable half-life of z 8 sec .