On enabling cooperative communication and diversity combination in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless networks using off-the-shelf sensor motes (original) (raw)
Related papers
MAC Protocols for Cooperative Diversity in Wireless LANs and Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2014
In this paper, we present a survey of cooperative diversity-enabled Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless LANs (WLANs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Cooperative diversity has emerged as a promising technique to combat fading and improve reliability in a wireless environment. In cooperative diversity protocols, neighboring nodes act as virtual multiple-input-multiple-output (VMIMO) systems, where they cooperate with the transmitter-receiver pair to deliver multiple copies of a packet to the receiver via independent fading channels. These multiple copies of the same packet can be combined at the receiver to recover the original packet, thus improving reliability by exploiting spatial diversity in the wireless channel. MAC protocols play an important part in realizing this concept by effectively coordinating transmissions between source, partner and destination nodes. Cooperative MAC protocols can also collect channel state information (CSI) between neighboring nodes and provide this information to the routing layer, where it can be exploited for partner selection. For this reason, the research community has proposed a large number of cooperative MAC protocols to realize this concept. We present an overview of these protocols and discuss their handshaking schemes, medium access schemes, results, strengths, and any observed shortcomings.
Communication performance of low-resource sensor motes for data-intensive applications
2013 IFIP Wireless Days (WD), 2013
We study the communication performance of lowresource sensor motes that are commonly found in smart cities test-beds or used by the research community. We focus here on 802.15.4 radio and we present a performance study of sending and receiving capabilities of Libelium WaspMote, Arduinobased motes, Telosb-based motes and MicaZ motes when a large number of packets needs to be streamed from sources to sink node. We provide measures for the minimum time spent in send procedure, minimum time needed to read data into application memory space and maximum sender/receiver throughput. We highlight the main sources of delays assuming no flow control nor congestion control to determine the best case performance level. Our contribution is therefore in determining the maximum realistic level of performance for commonly found mote platforms in order to predict end-to-end performances for data-intensive applications such as multi-hop multimedia streaming for surveillance.
Cooperative MISO and Relay Comparison in Energy Constrained WSNs
In wireless distributed networks where multiple antennas can not be installed in one wireless node, cooperative relay and cooperative Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) techniques can be used to exploit the spatial and temporal diversity gain in order to reduce the energy consumption. The simplicity and the energy efficiency of cooperative Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) and relay techniques is very useful for the energy constrained Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). In this paper, the performance and the energy consumption of the cooperative MISO and relay techniques are investigated over a Rayleigh fading channel. If under ideal conditions cooperative MISO has been proved to be better than relay, the latter is a better solution when transmission synchronization errors occur. The comparison between these two cooperative techniques helps us to choose the optimal cooperative strategy for energy constrained WSN applications.
Cooperative communication system for wireless mobile system is the most challenging and powerful technology for implementation in the mobile and wireless communication domain. Though, various protocols have been suggested for cooperative communication, but none of them is feasible in implementation because of attenuation, noise and cost. In this paper, all the systems used are incorporated by traditional mobile system with minimum changes, so that cost can be minimized. In the proposed approach we use a multiple input multiple output technique at receiver end to improve signal strength. Random data packets have been generated which have been modulated using QPSK technique and then passed through all types of attenuations and noises. The received packets were then analyzed in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error rate (SER) [1]. It has been found that more than 5dB improvement has been achieved in comparison to traditional mobile system.
Cooperative Communication Mechanisms Applied to Wireless Sensor Network
IFIP advances in information and communication technology, 2020
The purpose of this paper is to present ongoing PhD work that investigates both the cooperative diversity and techniques of network coding needed to improve communication reliability in wireless sensor networks. In this context, we propose a relay selection technique. It aims to select the smallest number of relay nodes under certain constraints. One of the main innovations is that this approach is formulated as an optimisation problem. In addition, we analyse the best approach for solving the proposed optimisation problem. The assessment results highlight that the proposed technique significantly improves the communication reliability of the network in comparison with the state-of-the-art techniques for selection of relay nodes. Network coding techniques will be tackled in the second stage of development of this research.
A proxy cooperative diversity method based on IEEE 802.11 standards
2009
Cooperative communication techniques have been proposed in order to improve the quality of the received signals at the receivers by using the diversity added by duplication of signals sent by relays situating between each transmission pair. This paper proposes a new on-demand cooperative transmission technique concerned with the interoperability issues between nodes with cooperative functionality and legacy nodes. Based on the standard IEEE 802.11, the proposed method can switch its transmission mode for each data frame between a cooperative mode and a non-cooperative mode automatically. Moreover, it can work with the IEEE medium access method in the basic mode and in the optional RTS/CTS mode. An original method is proposed, where the relay node acts as a proxy that is in charge of data retransmissions when needed. Interest of the proposition is to improve the transmission performance by decreasing the number of retransmissions due to frame errors. Moreover, the proposition avoids inappropriate routing processes that are costly in time and bandwidth. Evaluation of the proposition is done by simulation. Analysis of the results is mainly based on the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and on the Number of Route Discovery and Maintenance (NRDM) per second.
Minimizing energy consumption for cooperative network and diversity coded sensor networks
In this paper, we present an approach to minimize the energy consumption of multihop wireless packet networks, while achieving the required level of reliability. We consider networks that use Cooperative Network Coding (CNC), which is a synergistic combination of Cooperative Communications and Network Coding. Our approach is to optimize and balance the use of forward error control, error detection, and retransmissions at the packet level for these networks. Additionally, we introduce Cooperative Diversity Coding (CDC), which is a novel means to code the information packets, with the aim of minimizing the energy consumed for coding operations. The performance of CDC is similar to CNC in terms of the probability of successful reception at the destination and expected number of correctly received information packets at the destination. However, CDC requires less energy at the source node because of its implementation simplicity. Achieving minimal energy consumption, with the required level of reliability is critical for the optimum functioning of many wireless sensor and body area networks. For representative applications, the optimized CDC or CNC network achieves ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 25% energy savings compared to the baseline CNC scheme.
Energy Efficient and Reliable Wireless Sensor Networks-An Extension to IEEE 802.15. 4e
Collecting sensor data in industrial environments from up to some tenth of battery-powered sensor nodes with sampling rates up to 100 Hz requires energy-aware protocols, which avoid collisions and long listening phases. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard focuses on energy-aware wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the Task Group 4e has published an amendment to fulfill up to 100 sensor value transmissions per second per sensor node (low latency deterministic network (LLDN) mode) to satisfy demands of factory automation. To improve the reliability of the data collection in the star topology of the LLDN mode, we propose a relay strategy, which can be performed within the LLDN schedule. Furthermore, we propose an extension of the star topology to collect data from two-hop sensor nodes. The proposed retransmission mode enables power savings in the sensor node of more than 33%, while reducing the packet loss by up to 40%. To reach this performance, an optimum spatial distribution is necessary, which is discussed in detail.
On the use of selection function in cooperative MISO at wireless sensor network
2008
Energy efficient data transfer is the key factor for the design of energy efficient wireless sensor network (WSN). IEEE 1451.5 standard explores the wireless communication schemes between multiple sensors and a data gathering node (DGN) emphasizing the multiple input single output (MISO) structure. Sensors participating in this MISO can be chosen selectively for more energy efficient data transfer and the selection is controlled by several parameters which are not completely explored yet. In this paper, an energy efficient cooperative technique is proposed for a WSN where selected numbers of sensors are used to form a MISO structure wirelessly connected with a DGN. The selection of nodes is based on a selection function which is a combination of channel condition, residual energy, inter sensor distance in a cluster and geographical location. Data are sent by the sensors to a DGN using a multihop transmission. We are concentrating our design on the final hop where sensors transmit their data to the DGN. A mathematical model is developed to get the selection function.
Low-Energy Adaptive Cooperative Diversity Applied to Wireless Sensor Networks
Anais do XXVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Telecomunicações, 2009
The performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be significantly improved using adaptive cooperative diversity (SCA) technique, which is basically a cross-layer design that combines truncated ARQ at the link layer and cooperative diversity at the physical layer. LEACH is a protocol for wireless sensor networks that utilizes randomized rotation of local clusterheads to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. This paper proposes a combination of the adaptive cooperative diversity and LEACH techniques for wireless sensor networks. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme (SCA with LEACH) has satisfatory lifetime and packet loss rate performances.