Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Resilience Scale (original) (raw)
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Resilience in the General Population: Standardization of the Resilience Scale (RS-11)
PLOS ONE, 2015
The objectives of the study were to generate normative data for the RS-11 for different age groups for men and women and to further investigate the construct validity and factor structure in the general population. Nationally representative face-to face household surveys were conducted in Germany in 2006 (n = 5,036). Normative data for the RS-11 were generated for men and women (53.7% female) and different age levels (mean age (SD) of 48.4 (18.0) years). Men had significantly higher mean scores compared with women (60.0 [SD = 10.2] vs. 59.3 [SD = 11.0]). Results of CFA supported a one-factor model of resilience. Self-esteem (standardized β = .50) and life satisfaction (standardized β =.20) were associated with resilience. The normative data provide a framework for the interpretation and comparisons of resilience with other populations. Results demonstrate a special importance of self-esteem in the understanding of resilience.
A methodological review of resilience measurement scales
Background: The evaluation of interventions and policies designed to promote resilience, and research to understand the determinants and associations, require reliable and valid measures to ensure data quality. This paper systematically reviews the psychometric rigour of resilience measurement scales developed for use in general and clinical populations.
The development and validation of a new resilience inventory based on inner strength
Scientific Reports
There are a number of resilience scales with good psychometric properties. However, the various scales differ in their item content in accordance with the model of resilience the developer had in mind. Culture is one of the reasons for the difference. Thailand, one of the Buddhist cultures, has a different view on resilience compared with Western culture. This study aimed to develop and validate a resilience inventory created based on the inner strength concept using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch measurement model. The resilience inventory (RI) was developed by creating new items representing inner strengths attributed to resilience. The inner strength was adopted to form the resilience construct, including perseverance, wisdom, patience, mindfulness, loving-kindness and equanimity. In addition, face and content validity were examined by experts in both mental health and Buddhism. The final RI comprised nine items with a 5-point Likert-type scale. The RI-9 was compl...
Frontiers in psychiatry, 2018
Psychological resilience is a distinct factor that affects mental health outcomes after adversities. This study describes the development, validity and measurement invariance (MI) of a Dutch and English scale on psychological resilience, called the Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES). Separate online surveys with the Dutch and English version of the RES and hypothesized related measures were distributed in a Dutch- and English-speaking group, both drawn from the general population. Exploratory factor analysis, using data from 522 respondents ( = 296 Dutch, = 226 English), yielded a two-factor structure for the final 9-item RES. The factors reflected the hypothesized underlying constructs of psychological resilience: and . The items and constructs of psychological resilience as measured by the RES were interpreted and conceptualized in the same way by both language groups, with the exception of one item. The RES showed good convergent validity and good internal consistency. The current...
The protective factors for resilience scale (PFRS): Development of the scale
Cogent Psychology
The present paper outlines the development of the Protective Factors for Resilience Scale (PFRS). To address limitations in the literature related to measuring psychological resilience this paper outlines a two stage process in developing the PFRS. After an initial exploratory factor analysis (Stage 1: N = 413 adults), the result of confirmatory factor analysis (Stage 2: N = 240 adults) supported the proposed model where a single second-order factor explained the degree of association between three lower order factors (Personal Resources, Social Resources Family and Social Resources Peers, each indicated by 5 items per factor). Other evidence of the construct validity for the PFRS was observed in stage 2 as the expected associations between the PFRS and measures of self-esteem, coping styles (except for problemfocused coping) and life satisfaction were observed. Although future testing of the PFRS with other populations is needed, the results of the present study provide initial evidence to support the view that the PFRS is a psychometrically sound, brief and broad measure of three protective factors associated with resilience.
BMC Psychology, 2013
Background: The aim of this study was to assess reliability and validity of the Resilience Scale 11 (RS-11) and develop a shorter scale in a population-based study. Methods: The RS-11 scale was administered to 3942 participants (aged 64 -94 years) of the KORA-Age study. To test reliability, factor analyses were carried out and internal consistency (Cronbach's α) was measured. Construct validity was measured by correlating scores with psychological constructs. The criterion for a shorter scale was a minimum internal consistency of .80. Shorter models were compared using confirmatory factor analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of RS-5 to RS-11 was analyzed.
Applied Research in Quality of Life, 2021
There is an increasing demand for brief measures of resilience that can distinguish different dimensions of successful adaptation and good quality of life despite the experience of atypical stress. We sought to develop a short measure of resilience that focuses specifically on psychological protective factors associated with resilience. From a review of existing measures of resilience, a list of protective psychological factors associated with good quality of life in contexts of adversity was compiled. A Delphi approach was employed to identify the most important factors, which were used to create the 10-item Rugged Resilience Measure (RRM). A sample of 5,880 individuals (aged 16-29 years) from seven countries was then surveyed to investigate the psychometric properties of the measure. Analysis of the data involved exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance and alignment tests. A one-factor model was identified and confirmed to have good fit to the overall sample as well as equivalence across sex and country subgroups. The measure demonstrated good internal reliability (α=.87; ωh=.83) and concurrent validity through significant correlations with a measure of social-ecological resilience (ARM-R: r=.68) and predictive validity with a measure of social anxiety (SIAS: r=-.29). Evidence is also presented for its convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. The RRM is a concise and potentially robust measure of personal resilience that works well in different contexts around the world. It may be used to assess internal protective factors or employed concurrently with assessments of social-ecological factors to provide a more holistic account of resilience and an individual’s quality of life.
Psychometric Properties of the Finnish Version of the Resilience Scale and its Short Version
Psychology, Community & Health, 2013
Aim: To investigate the psychometric properties of the Finnish version of the Resilience Scale (RS) and its short version (RS-14), as well as the relationship of resilience with demographic variables and self-perceived health. Method: A standard procedure was used for translation of the scale, and 243 participants (75% women, mean age = 41.0; SD = 17.8) were evaluated with the RS, the RS-14, and the EuroQol 5D. Results: The mean level of resilience was found to be moderate. Both the RS and the RS-14 showed good internal consistency reliability, .90 and .87, respectively. No clear factor structure was found. Both assessments correlated with age but there was no statistically significant association with education or gender. However, a relatively weak but statistically significant correlation between the RS and the RS-14 with self-reported health was found in women. Conclusion: The Finnish versions of the RS and RS-14 can be recommended to be used in clinical and scientific settings. Gender is suggested to be taken into account in further research of resilience.
Reframing Resilience Concept: Insights from a Meta-synthesis of 21 Resilience Scales
Education in Medicine Journal, 2020
In general context, resilience refers to individuals' ability to adapt to significant adversities while maintaining good mental and physical well-being. Over the past three decades, resilience paradigm has evolved from a stable trait-oriented approach to process-oriented or outcome-oriented approach. However, robustness of resilience conceptualisation is still scant. Review of the common characteristics of resilience across validated resilience scales were conducted. Several databases were searched, and several keywords were used. Articles that fulfill the predetermined criteria were selected. Twenty-one original articles describing resilience were selected. A thematic approach was performed to categorise common patterns or characteristics shared across the scales that later form emerging constructs representing resilience. Constructs were grouped according to similar attributes, elements, and themes underlying resilience. Four emerging themes were identified; control, resourceful, growth, and involvement. The constructs from the 21 selected scales were mapped against the four emerging themes. Additionally, they are marked as either as exclusive or shared constructs. The relationship between the four emerging themes were determined considering two continuums (present and past) and two conditions (internal and external). Hence, the integrated resilience model was proposed to conceptualise the relationships of the four emerging resilience themes. The integrated resilience model is a promising model that can be used for different practical implications. It can be used to build new measurement scale, nurturing resilience in medical and health professions education and infusing resilience in the assessment practice.
Exploring the intrinsic indicators of individual resiliency
International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 2016
This paper aimed to identify the intrinsic indicators of individual resiliency. It tried to find innate or inherent capacities and traits of Cebuanos as signs of coping effectively from the typhoon experience. There were eleven female, adult, Cebuano typhoon Haiyan survivors from Madridejos and Medellin, Cebu, who volunteered as participants. Focus group discussion yielded four main themes namely optimism, sense of coherence, hardiness, and religiosity/spirituality coping. Each main theme had its corresponding sub-themes. Being hopeful, being grateful, positive thinking, exerting efforts to stand up again, and striving hard to survive were the sub-themes of optimism. Sense of coherence was composed of helping each other and using available resources to rebuild or repair damaged houses. Hardiness was revealed through taking courage, enduring, remaining strong for self and family. Lastly, religiosity/spirituality coping was shown through praying to God, having faith in God, and believing in God's mercy. Optimism, sense of coherence, hardiness, and religiosity/spirituality coping were the indicators of Cebuanos' resilience. These indicators are beneficial in developing a program that serves to nurture the resiliency of individuals.