A helping hand and many green thumbs: local government, citizens and the growth of a community-based food economy (original) (raw)

Cultivating hybrid collectives: research methods for enacting community food economies in Australia and the Philippines

Across the globe, groups are experimenting with initiatives to create alternatives to the dominant food system. What role might research play in helping to strengthen and multiply these initiatives? In this paper we discuss two research projects in Australia and the Philippines in which we have cultivated hybrid collectives of academic researchers, lay researchers and various nonhuman others with the intention of enacting community food economies. We feature three critical interactions in the ‘hybrid collective research method’: gathering, which brings together those who share concerns about community food economies; reassembling, in which material gathered is deliberatively rebundled to amplify particular insights; and translating, by which reassembled ideas are taken up by other collectives so they may continue to do work. We argue that in a climate changing world, the hybrid collective research method fosters opportunities for a range of human and nonhuman participants to act in concert to build community food economies.

Towards a post-capitalist politics of food: Cultivating subjects of community economies. ACME. 2012.

Agriculture is an increasingly capitalized and industrialized enterprise that has resulted in the alienation of consumers from the process of food production. The separation of consumers from producers is a fundamental source of nonsustainability in the modern food system. In this paper, we present three case examples of civic agriculture representing a breadth of alternatives in the social and spatial organization of agricultural production and distribution. In all cases, producers form associations to engage directly with alternative modes of production, and create markets that enroll consumers in the process of food production and distribution. We argue, using Gibson-Graham’s (2006) “postcapitalist politics” that the (re)negotiation of the economic basis of agriculture generates new subjectivities directed toward a more integrated, interdependent and cooperative economy of agriculture.

Towards a post-capitalist-politics of food: Cultivating subjects of community economies

ACME

Agriculture is an increasingly capitalized and industrialized enterprise that has resulted in the alienation of consumers from the process of food production. The separation of consumers from producers is a fundamental source of nonsustainability in the modern food system. In this paper, we present three case examples of civic agriculture representing a breadth of alternatives in the social and spatial organization of agricultural production and distribution. In all cases, producers form associations to engage directly with alternative modes of production, and create markets that enroll consumers in the process of food production and distribution. We argue, using Gibson-Graham's (2006) " postcapitalist politics" that the (re)negotiation of the economic basis of agriculture generates new subjectivities directed toward a more integrated, interdependent and cooperative economy of agriculture.

Governments, grassroots, and the struggle for local food systems: Containing, coopting, contesting and collaborating

Local sustainable food systems have captured the popular imagination as a progressive, if not radical, pillar of a sustainable food future. Yet these grassroots innovations are embedded in a dominant food regime that reflects productivist, industrial, and neoliberal policies and institutions. Understanding the relationship between these emerging grassroots efforts and the dominant food regime is of central importance in any transition to a more sustainable food system. In this study, we examine the encounters of direct farm marketers with food safety regulations and other government policies and the role of this interface in shaping the potential of local food in a wider transition to sustainable agri-food systems. This mixed methods research involved interview and survey data with farmers and ranchers in both the USA and Canada and an in-depth case study in the province of Manitoba. We identified four distinct types of interactions between government and farmers: containing, coopting, contesting, and collaborating. The inconsistent enforcement of food safety regulations is found to contain progressive efforts to change food systems. While government support programs for local food were helpful in some regards, they were often considered to be inadequate or inappropriate and thus served to coopt discourse and practice by primarily supporting initiatives that conform to more mainstream approaches. Farmers and other grassroots actors contested these food safety regulations and inadequate government support programs through both individual and collective action. Finally, farmers found ways to collaborate with governments to work towards mutually

Community empowerment in changing environments: creating value through food security

Contemporary Social Science, Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences, 2018

Methodologies that are locally relevant, empowering and replicable offer a way forward for improved policymaking and efficient resource governance in a globalised landscape of rapid change and scarce resources. Using the principles of equal participation and distribution, this article shows how the use of participatory methods can lead to greater community ownership and cohesion around shared concerns over access to healthy food and sustainable resource use in challenging urban environments. Drawing on contextualised examples from small-scale projects carried out by Charushila, an international environmental design charity, in Venezuela and Palestine, the article presents a co-design approach that puts people in touch with food growing and the reuse of resources to transform open spaces. An analysis of community-led co-production projects in these two contrasting urban environments shows how such processes can contribute to policymaking for longer-term sustainable development in the field of disaster relief and amid political upheaval in low- and middle-income countries.

Individualism vs Communalism is the Most Urgent Global Food Systems Issue

What is the issue within the agricultural-food system that needs most urgent attention? The Individualistic Ethos of the Agri-food System and the Need for Communalistic Perspectives - The real issue of sustainability and equity within the agricultural food system is one of exploitative individualism; the real solution is unity. To understand the depths of the problem that we are facing we have to employ a holistic approach; we have to understand the top-down effects of each agricultural trend or policy and the intricate relationships that exist between the decisions of the few and the livelihoods of the masses. In this essay, I explore both the remote individualism of some of the most fundamental aspects of the current agricultural food system, as well as the interdependence required to result in any real change. Admitting that it is psychology and emotion that bring out action and societal norms, this essay demonstrates that the most urgent dilemma in our food system is the manner in which terminal values that are exacerbating the moral crises in that system are contradictory to the communalistic values that are needed to ameliorate it and prevent further issues. Ultimately, it is the difference between our values that decides how we see and how we react to the world, and how our domestic and global community is impacted in turn. In this essay, the internalization and evaluation of the wheels of change introduced by our exposure to the Urban Roots film (2011), Groundswell local farming centre, Kathy Sexsmith of the article 'Milked(2017)' and concepts from 'Beyond The Kale' Reynolds and Cohen (2016) will serve as examples of specific methods to counteract exploitative individualism. Having established in previous essays that 1. the core of the inequities in our food system are planted in an individualistic, materialistic pursuit of financial gain by the biggest players in the system and, that 2. this and racist undertones consequently establish a hierarchical food system in which those that are most in need of food or economic advancement are left out of the decision making processes, this essay seeks to establish that progress demands a review of our value system. Undoing Exploitative Individualism-Education for the Profiting Community. Before we can change policies or demand change we have to understand the belief system that goes into our current food system. The individualistic pursuit of personal gain is a driving factor in the ethical disparities we see in the U.S. today and this is no different in the agri-food system. As such, changing policy or demanding change in an environment where the same principles that created our current moral crises continue to be perpetuated, is not a sustainable solution.

Local food and civic food networks as a real utopias project

For scholars and activists alike, local food is linked to visions of a more equitable, ethical and sustainable agro-food system. Notwithstanding an apparent unity, local food is mobilized for very different aims including environmental sustainability, the revitalization of rural economies, the reconnection of consumers to agriculture and nature and the promotion of land entitlements for marginalized populations. At the same time, local food has become a crucial element in protectionist and neo-ruralist ideologies that support bounded, defensive spatial strategies. These contradictions point to the limited heuristic value of the ‘local food’ concept, particularly when decoupled from an explicit attention to the political and power dimensions of the local. Building upon these considerations, in this article we explicitly focus on the political and transformative dimensions of different local food projects and propose to read local food as a ‘real utopia’ project whose aim is the transformation of the food economy in the direction of sustainability, social emancipation and social justice. Utilizing the framework developed by E.O. Wright, we look at local food as a diagnosis and critique of the present; as the prefiguration of a more sustainable, just and democratic future; and as a set of transformative strategies that aim at changing the system in the desired direction. Our analysis suggests that, differently from the oppositional movements of the Fordist era, the local food movement is characterized by its use of interstitial (“ignore the state”) and symbiotic (“use the state”) strategies. These strategies either seek to establish new economic and social relations at the margins of the neoliberal food economy, or partner with local institutions to consolidate new experiences with food democracy and food justice. By mobilizing non-ruptural strategies in the service of a real utopian project, local food initiatives are opening up new, enlarged spaces for non-capitalist or post-capitalist economies that constitute the basis for social learning and experimentation of a global more sustainable and just food system. A further step ahead could be constituted by the promotion of a reflexive, more democratic, socially empowering system of governance, able to lead the innovative potential of the food movement to its full expression.

Local government planning for community food systems: Opportunity, innovation and equity in low- and middle-income countries

Over the last couple of decades, local governments have started taking action to address food system challenges. Many innovative food policies have taken place in cities in particular. However, despite major developments spearheaded by visionary local leaders and communities in recent years, local governments in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to face major challenges in integrating food security, nutrition and sustainable food systems in their agenda. This publication introduces a new knowledge base for understanding food planning and governance processes and models in local governments of low- and middle-income countries, a valuable counterbalance to the prevailing literature and experience from high-income countries. It provides practical insights on the needs, challenges and opportunities in local food planning practice in three countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Based on reported cases, this publication offers a broad guiding framework and a methodology for subnational government bodies - including city, metropolitan, regional, distinct and parish governments - that takes into consideration the uniqueness of each local context.

Regaining Lost Ground: A Social Movement for Sustainable Food Systems in Java, Indonesia

Anthropology of Food, 2019

Since the 1960s, Indonesia has industrialised agriculture, following the model promoted by the global bio-tech research complex and development agencies. Alternative approaches favoured by local grassroots organisations and NGOs include solutions grounded in moral economic systems of communal solidarity, small-scale production, local knowledge and the localisation of distribution and consumption networks. To illustrate the viability of such alternatives, we explore new Indonesian farmers’ movements that seek to produce high-yield, high-quality low-cost food using ecologically responsible food production methods and ‘symbiotic cooperation’ strategies founded upon a moral economy ethos. Our case studies contribute to a model for a worldwide transition to socially and ecologically sustainable regional food systems.