Preliminary survey of domestic animal visceral leishmaniasis and risk factors in north‐west Ethiopia (original) (raw)
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Background Benishangul-Gumuz region is an important development corridor in Ethiopia. The large-scale projects; the great renaissance dam, mining and agriculture entailed huge environmental modification and settlement pattern changes. Detail epidemiological information of VL in the region is unknown. Materials and Methods A cross sectional study to assess the epidemiology and risk factors associated with asymptomatic VL. Leishmanin skin test (LST) was done for 1342 participants, and for 253 of them rK39 and DAT were done. Thirty-six dogs owned by households with LST positive member(s) were rK39 and DAT tested. A pretested questionnaire was used to capture individual and household characteristics. Results Of the 89.2% (1197/1342) who availed themselves for LST reading 6.0% were positive. The rk39 and DAT positivity among the 253 tested were 3.2% and 5.9% respectively. In dogs, positivity rates by rK39 and DAT were 13.9% and 5.6% respectively. Of the household and individual risk fact...
2009
Abstract. We conducted a case-control study to evaluate risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis during an epidemic in a previously unaffected district of Ethiopia. We also collected blood and bone marrow specimens from dogs in the outbreak villages. In multivariable analyses of 171 matched case-control pairs, dog ownership, sleeping under an acacia tree during the day, and habitually sleeping outside at night were associated with significantly increased risk. Specimens from 7 (3.8%) dogs were positive by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), whereas Leishmania DNA was detected in 5 (2.8%) bone marrow aspirates (from 3 seropositive and 2 seronegative dogs). Insecticide-treated nets may only protect a portion of those at risk. Further research on the vectors, the role of the dog in the transmission cycle, and the effect of candidate interventions are needed to design the best strategy for control.
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2017
To investigate the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) by identification of the most probable reservoir hosts using parasite isolation and analysis of a possible transmission dynamics of the disease in extra-domestic agricultural fields and rural villages. Methods: Rodents were collected from selected study sites in kala-azar endemic areas based on information for localities of kala-azar cases for screening of Leishmania infections using parasitological, serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from March, 2013 to January, 2014. Ketamine (Clorketam Veterinary) was used to anaesthesize the rodents according the prescribed dosage (average 2 mg/kg for intravenous route). The blood obtained using sterile needle was dropped into sterile filter paper and allowed to air dry before sealing in plastic bags. The tissues from liver, spleen and skin were macerated in Locke's solution before transferring them into NNN medium. Blood and touch smears of liver, spleen, skin and bone marrow were prepared for fixing using methanol and staining by Giemsa stain for microscopy. These tissues were also used for DNA extractions and PCR amplification of Leishmania infection. Results: A total of 335 rodents (13 species) were analyzed by sampling internal organs. The infection rate by PCR was 11.1% (6/54) for Arvicanthis nilothicus compared to 17.6% (3/17) and 12.5% (2/16) for Acomys cahirinus and Tarera (G) robustus respectively. Almost all the infections were found from bone marrow samples (8/48 or 16.7%) compared with 1/91 (1.1%) liver, 2/87 (2.2%) spleen and 0/87 (0%) skin. In all study sites with past human VL cases, rodents and proved vectors shared similar habitats. Conclusions: Leishmania donovani might circulate among different species of rodents in kala-azar endemic lowlands and valleys of Ethiopia by Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus martini. Detailed studies to substantiate the preliminary data on the possible role of these rodents are urgently needed.
Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2009
We conducted a case-control study to evaluate risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis during an epidemic in a previously unaffected district of Ethiopia. We also collected blood and bone marrow specimens from dogs in the outbreak villages. In multivariable analyses of 171 matched case-control pairs, dog ownership, sleeping under an acacia tree during the day, and habitually sleeping outside at night were associated with significantly increased risk. Specimens from 7 (3.8%) dogs were positive by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), whereas Leishmania DNA was detected in 5 (2.8%) bone marrow aspirates (from 3 seropositive and 2 seronegative dogs). Insecticide-treated nets may only protect a portion of those at risk. Further research on the vectors, the role of the dog in the transmission cycle, and the effect of candidate interventions are needed to design the best strategy for control.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
The prevalence of antibodies against Leishmania donovani in selected domestic and wild animal species in 2 villages in Sudan with active L. donovani transmission in humans was investigated. Screening of domestic animals (donkeys, cows, sheep, goats, camels and dogs) with the direct agglutination test (DAT) detected reaction rates above the cut-off titres in donkeys (68.7%), cows (21.4%) and goats (8.5%), and which were also found in wild rats (5.5%). Sera of sheep, camels and dogs had a weak agglutination reaction below the cut-off titre. Testing of the same sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), against a lysate of L. donovani promastigotes, showed reaction rates above the cut-off optical density in cows (47.6%), goats (13.6%), and in rats (4.1%). No Leishmania parasite was isolated from spleen, liver, bone-marrow or spleen of Nile rats.
Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2024
Background: Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis, a potentially fatal disease in humans and dogs. The epidemiology and transmission dynamics of L. donovani in Sudan are poorly understood. We aim to determine the prevalence and characterization of L. donovani in human hospital cases and domestic dogs using different diagnostic methods in two localities in Gadarif State, Sudan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to April 2020. Whole blood samples and lymph node aspirates were collected from 69 human and 32 dog participants for parasitological, immunological, and molecular tests. Results: No parasites were detected in blood samples from either humans or dogs. Lymph node microscopy revealed 71.01% positivity in humans and 9.4% in dogs. The IT Leish test showed 82.6% positivity in humans and 43.75% in dogs. PCR confirmed L. donovani infection in all six selected samples (three from humans and three from dogs). Conclusion: The study confirmed the presence of L. donovani in both human and dog populations in the study area, suggesting that dogs may act as reservoirs or hosts for the parasite. The IT Leish kit test was the most sensitive and specific method, while microscopy of blood and lymph node smears was the least sensitive method. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of dogs in the transmission cycle of L. donovani and the risk factors associated with human infection.
Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 2018
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is major neglected public health problem in terms of geographical spread and incidence in Ethiopia. Magnitude, public health impact and dynamics of VL were not well studied in Welkait District, Western Tigray, though the area is known for VL. Hence, this study aimed to determine sero-prevalence of human VL and associated risk factors in Welkait as new foci. A cross sectional study design was employed in this study. Two stage stratified random sampling method was used to select study participants. Hence, a total of 329 human study participants were included for serological survey using ITleish and leishmanin skin tests. Semi structured questionnaire was also used to identify VL associated risk factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression statistical methods were used to determine the degree of association. The overall sero-prevalence of human VL in the study area was found to be 8.81%. Statistical significant difference in the prevalence of the disease was found among Sub-districts, sex, resettlement , sleeping outdoor and dog ownership (P < 0.05). Participants who resettled from their original place were found 2 times (AOR = 2.143; 95% CI = 1.02, 14.20) more vulnerable to VL infection. Those who had an experience of sleeping outdoor were found almost 4 times (AOR = 4.29; 95% CI = 1.58, 11.69) more likely to be at risk of acquiring VL infection than those sleep indoor. Furthermore, individuals who owned dogs were 3 times more prone to the VL infection than their counterparts (AOR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.29, 8.76). Alarming seropositivity of human VL was recorded from new foci. Hence, it is recommended to improve the VL health services in the study area. The investigation also invites further study on VL dynamics in the study area. 1. Background Leishmaniasis that has a global distribution is among the neglected parasitic disease of the tropics (World Health Organization
Seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis in Kwara, Oyo and Ogun states of Nigeria
Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2014
Leishmaniasis is an important tropical disease that is gradually gaining attention in Nigeria. The canine species which include domestic dogs have been named the reservoir host for the zoonotic form of leishmaniasis. The present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis in three selected states of Nigeria using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two hundred and seventy-three canine sera were tested for Leishmania IgG antibodies. Dogs sampled were grouped into young (\1 year) and adult ([1 year). Total prevalence recorded was 4.40 % (12/273). There was no significant difference (P [ 0.05) between sera of hunting (4.83 %) and companion dogs (3.03 %). Furthermore, there was no significant difference (P [ 0.05) between young and adults dogs. There was no correlation between sex and prevalence of canine leishmaniasis. However, significant difference (P \ 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of each state with Kwara, Oyo and Ogun having 14.63, 3.33 and 1.32 % respectively. The result of this study established the presence of canine leishmaniasis in Oyo, Ogun and Kwara States of Nigeria making the zoonotic form of the disease a possibility.
Human and Canine Leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and Risk Factors
World Vet. J., 2022
Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis disease caused by a parasite of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the sandflies. It is ranked among the 20 major neglected tropical diseases. Algeria is classified as one of the most affected countries by cutaneous leishmaniasis worldwide. This study was conducted in the Medea region, north-central Algeria, to investigate human and canine leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of human leishmaniasis was conducted on patients with symptoms suggestive of leishmaniasis. The presence of wet or dry lesions, number, location, duration, and travel history were recorded for each patient. Confirmation of the disease was performed by histopathological test. Canine leishmaniasis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination in 175 male Sloughi dogs. Symptoms included skin ulcerations, lymphadenopathy, dermatitis with alopecia, weight loss, and ocular or nasal lesions. A total of 1070 cases of human leishmaniasis were investigated, including 1067 (99.72%) cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 3 (0.28%) cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Of the 1067 human cutaneous leishmaniasis cases, 59.51% and 40.49% were male and female, respectively. For visceral leishmaniasis, all cases were male. Persons aged less than 10 years were more infected than those over 10 years of age. Chahbounia region was found to be the most infected area, compared to other regions. The highest number of human leishmaniasis cases was recorded during November (462 cases). Human cutaneous leishmaniasis was the most frequent (81.38%) among the other human pathologies in the study area; followed by pulmonary tuberculosis (14.8%). All Sloughi dogs were diagnosed with leishmaniasis of which the most common symptoms included lymph node hypertrophy, emaciation, skin lesions, fever, epistaxis, alopecia, ocular lesions, anemia, onychogryphosis, chemosis, and the less common symptoms are: fever, diarrhea, and splenomegaly. The Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were present especially in the periphery of the lands next to the valley of Chahbounia city. Leishmaniasis remains present in the region, constituting a public health menace. The union of veterinary and public services is necessary to eradicate the disease by controlling the vector and the reservoirs of the parasite.