Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, GC-MS Profiling and Molecular Docking Analyses of Non-Polar Extracts from Five Salsola Species (original) (raw)
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Genus Salsola: Chemistry, Biological Activities and Future Prospective—A Review
Plants, 2022
The genus Salsola L. (Russian thistle, Saltwort) includes halophyte plants and is considered one of the largest genera in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus involves annual semi-dwarf to dwarf shrubs and woody tree. The genus Salsola is frequently overlooked, and few people are aware of its significance. The majority of studies focus on pollen morphology and species identification. Salsola has had little research on its phytochemical makeup or biological effects. Therefore, we present this review to cover all aspects of genus Salsola, including taxonomy, distribution, differences in the chemical constituents and representative examples of isolated compounds produced by various species of genus Salsola and in relation to their several reported biological activities for use in folk medicine worldwide.
2015
Salsola is one of the largest and most important genera in the family Chenopodiaceae. Salsola species are used for their anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, anthelmintic and antipruritic effects and also as diuretic in traditional medicines worldwide. The aim of the present study is to assess the activity potential of the extracts, subextracts and isolated compounds from the aerial parts of and Salsola grandis, an endemic species in Turkey in a scientific platform. The effects of the extracts, subextracts and isolated compounds were investigated using in vivo experimental models of inflammation and pain in mice, and also total phenolic content of the plant was determined. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema and for the assessment of antinociceptive activity, p-benzoquinone-induced nociception tests in mice were employed. The crude ethanol extract of the plant was sequentially fractionated into five subextracts, namely n-hexane, CHCl3, ...
Three Tyrosinase Inhibitors and Antioxidant Compounds from Salsola foetida
Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2003
Phytochemical investigation on the whole plant of Salsola foetida resulted in the isolation of three new phenolic compounds 1, 2, and 3, which exhibit tyrosinase inhibition with moderate antioxidant activity. Compounds 1–3 inhibited tyrosinase with IC50 2.61, 1.85, and 0.40 μM, while exhibiting DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 383, 427 and 378 μM, respectively. The structures of 1, 2, and 3 were determined by modern spectroscopic techniques.
The article presents a brief information about the most common species of Salsola – Salsola collina Pall., Salsola Richteri and Salsola Paletzkiana, the possibility of their use and differences in the composition of the main groups of active substances. To study the qualitative composition Salsola collina Pall. has been selected in order to standardize the plant raw material and substantiate the choice of marker substances. Identification of the groups of biologically active substances has been carried out by qualitative reactions and thin layer chromatography. According to the results of the study conducted the following groups of compounds of Salsola collina Pall. herb have been determined: alkaloids, reducing substances, phenols and tannins, steroid compounds, flavonoids. Therefore, the qualitative composition of the main groups of active substances in Salsola collina Pall. herb has been determined. According to the results of the data obtained flavonoids have been chosen as marker substances when standardizing the raw material and herbal products based on the herb. The rationality of the choice of this group of compounds has been confirmed by the own docking studies conducted, as well as by the information presented in the scientific literature.
Isolation of New Constituents from Whole Plant of Salsola imbricata Forssk. of Saudi Origin
ACS omega, 2022
This work describes the first report of the known glycosidic constituents β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucoside-6′-palmitate (1), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucoside (2), momor-cerebroside I (3), phytolacca cerebroside (4), 1,2-di-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6-sulfoquinovopyranosyl)-glycerol (5), isorhamnetin-3-robinobioside (6), and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside (7) from the plant Salsola imbricata Forssk. grown in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated from extensive 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and chemical analyses. Compound 1 is reported for the first time from the Amaranthaceae family. In addition to the isolated and identified fatty alcohols, compounds 3, 4, 5, and 6 are also reported for the first time from the genus Salsola. The findings of this study suggest a contribution of the isolated compounds to the various biological activities reported for this plant.
Antioxidant, antiinflammatory activities and HPLC analysis of South African Salvia species
Food Chemistry, 2010
The antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of the methanol:chloroform (1:1) extracts of 16 Salvia species indigenous to South Africa were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2 0azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays and compared to the control values obtained with Trolox Ò . Nearly all the solvent extracts displayed antioxidant activity, with the IC 50 value ranging from 1.6 to 74.5 lg/ml using DPPH Å , whilst the IC 50 values ranged from 11.9 to 69.3 lg/ml, when tested with ABTS Å+ . The extract of Salvia schlechteri, with an IC 50 value of 1.6 lg/ml, was three times more active than the reference compound, Trolox Ò (IC 50 value: 2.51 lg/ml). The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using the 5-lipoxygenase assay. With the exception of Salvia radula (IC 50 value: 78.8 lg/ml), the extracts displayed poor inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, with all IC 50 values being greater than 100 lg/ml. The total phenolic content based on gallic acid equivalents (GAE) confirmed the presence of total soluble phenolics in the various extracts from 45 to 211 mg of GAE per g dry sample and showed strong association (r 2 = 0.90) with antioxidant activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify various compounds in the extracts. Betulafolientriol oxide and rosmarinic acid were detected in all the species investigated, and rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol and oleanolic acid/ursolic acid were abundant in many species.
Plants of medicinal importance though are quite well known among the Ayurvedic practitioners since years, yet many of them have not been standardized, validated and documented completely. Among such medicinally valuable plants, Salacia holds a place as an effective antidiabetic herb and many species of this plant are in use as anti-diabetics. The present study reports the phytochemical analysis of one of its species Salacia oblonga (SO) (roots and stems), belonging to the family Celastraceae (bittersweet), through various biochemical and chromatographic methods. TLC and HPTLC analysis of six different extracts of SO revealed numerous bands, indicating the presence of diverse groups of phytocompounds, many of them are assumed to contribute significantly to its antioxidant activity as well as, other biological activities. This type of analysis can help in fingerprint profiling of the plant and its various species. The identification and characterization of the phytocompounds can further help in finding out molecular targets/mechanism of action of the constituents of this herb that are responsible for its biological activities.
Topical Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Six Salvia Species Grown in Jordan
Inflammation is a host defense mechanism to get rid of injurious stimuli and to induce tissue healing process. In Jordan, Salvia species are traditionally used to treat inflammation and other ailments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of six Salvia species grown in Jordan to inhibit cutaneous inflammation. Topical antiinflammatory activities of hexane (Hex), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from Salvia species aerial parts (S. ceratophylla, S. dominica, S. multicaulis, S. palaestina, S. spinosa and S. syriaca) were evaluated for the inhibition of croton oil-induced mouse ear oedema. Almost all extracts reduced oedema at the tested dose (300 µg/cm 2 ). Hex and EtOAc extracts exhibited the best anti-inflammatory effect in a dosedependent pattern. Dose inducing 50% oedema inhibition (ID 50 ) in vivo was found to be in the range of 87 -300 µg/cm 2 and 47-146 µg/cm 2 for Hex and EtOAc extracts, respectively. In comparison with indomethacin (ID 50 96 µg/cm 2 ), S. palaestina and S. multicaulis EtOAc extracts were two folds more potent (ID 50 47 and 50 µg/cm 2 , respectively).Whereas, the ID 50 of S. syriaca Hex extract (87µg/cm 2 ) was comparable to that of indomethacin. In conclusion, the results illustrated that S. multicaulis, S. palaestina and S. syriaca can be regarded as promising natural sources of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Antioxidant, antiinflammatory activities and HPLC analysis of South African< i> Salvia species
Food Chemistry, 2010
The antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of the methanol:chloroform (1:1) extracts of 16 Salvia species indigenous to South Africa were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2 0azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays and compared to the control values obtained with Trolox Ò . Nearly all the solvent extracts displayed antioxidant activity, with the IC 50 value ranging from 1.6 to 74.5 lg/ml using DPPH Å , whilst the IC 50 values ranged from 11.9 to 69.3 lg/ml, when tested with ABTS Å+ . The extract of Salvia schlechteri, with an IC 50 value of 1.6 lg/ml, was three times more active than the reference compound, Trolox Ò (IC 50 value: 2.51 lg/ml). The antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using the 5-lipoxygenase assay. With the exception of Salvia radula (IC 50 value: 78.8 lg/ml), the extracts displayed poor inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, with all IC 50 values being greater than 100 lg/ml. The total phenolic content based on gallic acid equivalents (GAE) confirmed the presence of total soluble phenolics in the various extracts from 45 to 211 mg of GAE per g dry sample and showed strong association (r 2 = 0.90) with antioxidant activity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify various compounds in the extracts. Betulafolientriol oxide and rosmarinic acid were detected in all the species investigated, and rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol and oleanolic acid/ursolic acid were abundant in many species.
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016
Objectives. Salvia fruticosa Mill. (S. fruticosa) is widely used in folk medicine. Accordingly, the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of S. fruticosa, and to determine the phenolic constituents of its extracts. Methods. The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay. Total phenolic contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to identify phenolic constituents. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema was determined plethysmographically. Key Findings. Different plant extracts demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity, where the ethyl acetate extract had the highest value in the roots and the lowest in the aerial parts. This antioxidant activity was correlated to the total phenolic content of different extracts, where rutin and luteolin were the most abundant constituents. Interestingly, both the roots and aerial parts revealed a significant anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenac. Conclusions. This study is the first to demonstrate pharmacologic evidence of the potential anti-inflammatory activity of S. fruticosa. This activity may partly be due to the radical scavenging effects of its polyphenolic contents. These findings warrant the popular use of the East Mediterranean sage and highlight the potential of its active constituents in the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.