Disease, Drugs and Dilemma: A Review of Cardiovascular Implications of Novel COVID-19 (original) (raw)

Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19: Pharmacotherapy Perspective

Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy, 2020

Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly the world over. The disease was declared "pandemic" by the World Health Organization. An approved therapy for patients with COVID-19 has yet to emerge; however, there are some medications used in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection globally including hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, dexamethasone, protease inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory agents. Patients with underlying cardiovascular disease are at increased risk of mortality and morbidity from COVID-19. Moreover, patients with chronic stable states and even otherwise healthy individuals might sustain acute cardiovascular problems due to COVID-19 infection. This article seeks to review the latest evidence with a view to explaining possible pharmacotherapies for the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 including acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism, as well as possible interactions between these medications and those currently administered (or under evaluation) in the treatment of COVID-19.

REVIEW ON IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a strain of coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic that has affected the lives of billions of individuals. Many patients with COVID-19 experience acute myocardial injury, as evident by an increase in cardiac troponin levels. A significant proportion of hospitalized patients, particularly those with severe illness developed heart failure (23%). Potential drug-disease interactions affecting patients with COVID-19 and comorbid cardiovascular diseases are also becoming a serious concern. In this Review, we summarize Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2),

"COVID-19" and its Cardiovascular Complications - Review

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 2021

By the end of December in 2019, the world got trapped under the dark shadow of the deadly novel virus that was given the name as "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)". Due to its rapid spread in all the continents, "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)" was announced as the pandemic due to its high potential of infecting the human beings. This viral infection not only become the reason of mortality, but it also lethally effected the the infrastructure of public health care system and the global economic situation. "COVID-19" generally maifestated as the "viral pneumonia", sporadically leading to "acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)" and death. Frequent clinical studies have depicted an interrelation between this deadly virus and cardiovascular diseases. Precedent cardiovascular disease in a person seems to be linked with adverse consequences and high chances of mortality in patients with (COVID-19 infection), whereas this virus itself has a potential of inducing the arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial injury and venous thromboembolism. One of the most significant point of concern is the drug & disease interactions that affect the patients with viral infection and comorbid cardiovascular diseases. By integrating the data and information regarding the biological features of this contagious novel virus, this review has summarized the pivotal cardiac manifestations, their management, and future implications.

COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: a review of current knowledge

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation

The uncontrolled spread of the COVID-19 pandemic which originated in China created a global turmoil. While the world is still busy figuring out a cure for the deadly disease, scientists worked out on many theories and conducted several studies to establish a relationship between the infection and other known diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the major complications of this infection after the respiratory manifestations. Individuals with cardiovascular complication are said to be more susceptible to acquiring the infection because the novel coronavirus uses the ACE2 receptor for its entry inside the cell and there is a high level of ACE2 expression in individuals with cardiovascular complications because of the enzyme’s anti-hypertrophic, anti-fibrotic and anti-hypertensive effects on the heart. Individuals who belong to the older age group are also more susceptible. Knowing the above information, it might seem that using ACE2 inhibitors would help to slow or prevent...

COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease

Circulation, 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic affecting 185 countries and >3 000 000 patients worldwide as of April 28, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which invades cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Among patients with COVID-19, there is a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and >7% of patients experience myocardial injury from the infection (22% of critically ill patients). Although angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 serves as the portal for infection, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers requires further investigation. COVID-19 poses a challenge for heart transplantation, affecting donor selection, immunosuppression, and posttransplant management. There are a number of promising therapies under active investigation to treat and prevent COVID-19.

Impact of COVID-19 on Cardiovascular Patients and Review of Current COVID-19 Treatment Strategies

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2020

Coronavirus disease of 2019 ( COVID-19) has severely affected global health and caused a significant health burden worldwide, particularly in patients with cardiovascular insult Worldwide, the COVID-19 confirmed cases number reached 81,658,440 cases with 1,802,206 deaths stated to the world health organization by January 1, 2021 Many risk factors, such as the elderly, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular illness, like coronary disease, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension;put people at high vulnerability with COVID-19 infection Many cardiovascular insults directly occur because of COVID-19 infection as myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, thromboembolic events, or arrhythmias This review aims to shed light on different management modalities for COVID-19 and discuss the impact of COVID-19 on underlying cardiovascular comorbidities Our hope lies in the COVID-19 vaccine as the best promising plan against the pandemic with the antiviral medi...

Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome, has now become a worldwide pandemic. Despite the respiratory complication, COVID-19 is also associated with significant multiple organ dysfunction, including severe cardiac impairment. Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial impairment include invasion of SARS-CoV-2 virus via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to cardiovascular cells/tissue, which leads to endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, de-stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, stent thrombosis, cardiac stress due to diminish oxygen supply and cardiac muscle damage, and myoc...

Exacerbation of Cardiovascular Complications in case of Covid-19 Patients and their Treatments

The 2019 Corona virus Outbreak (COVID-19) is a scientific, medical and social challenge. The complexity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARSCoV2) focuses on the clinical course of unpredictable illnesses that can develop rapidly and cause serious complications leading to death. Systemic inflammation and lung problems can ensue, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), arrhythmias, myocarditis, acute myocardial damage, heart failure, and other problems affect the cardiovascular system. Existing data about cardiovascular complications had been collected from the case study performed in China, Wuhan and New York COVID-19 patients. In the case report of China, 16.7% out of 138 patients showed arrhythmias where heart failure was identified as a problem in 23% of patients in a retrospective study from Wuhan and 52% of non-survivors in China. On the other hand case studies on 18 COVID-19 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) on electrocardiogram (ECG) from New York were investigated; 6 patients(33%) reported chest pain, 14 patients (78%) reported ST-segment elevation, 6 patients (35%) reported regional wall motion abnormality on TTE, and 8 patients (44%) reported a clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction and a total of 9 patients individuals (50%) had coronary angiography, with 6 patients (67%) of them showing obstructive disease. The cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19 infection are examined in this brief paper. The virus attaches to ACE2 (Angiotensin converting enzyme 2), allowing it to enter. COVID-19 therapy is currently being studied in conjunction with cardiovascular drugs. Therefore, emergency physicians should keep these cardiovascular complexities in mind while assessing and treating patients with COVID-19.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Cardiovascular Complications and Future Implications

American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now a global pandemic with the highest number of affected individuals in the modern era. Not only is the infection inflicting significant morbidity and mortality, but there has also been a significant strain to the health care system and the economy. COVID-19 typically presents as viral pneumonia, occasionally leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. However, emerging evidence suggests that it has a significant impact on the cardiovascular (CV) system by direct myocardial damage, severe systemic inflammatory response, hypoxia, right heart strain secondary to ARDS and lung injury, and plaque rupture secondary to inflammation. Primary cardiac manifestations include acute myocarditis, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and abnormal clotting. Several consensus documents have been released to help manage CV disease during this pandemic. In this review, we summarize key cardiac manifestations, their management, and future implications. Dhrubajyoti Bandyopadhyay, Adrija Hajra and Srihari S. Naidu contributed equally.

The cardiovascular implications of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review

Medical Research Archives, 2020

The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a global medical crisis that has posed immense challenges to the medical fraternity worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that targets the host's Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors present in the lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidneys and intestines. Symptoms are primarily respiratory in origin but the disease has the propensity to involve all organ systems quickly to cause multi-organ failure and death. The patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases are more prone to contracting infection, and the involvement of cardiovascular system itself has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, learning about the cardiovascular implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection is of paramount importance for the cardiology world at this juncture. Herein, we review the initial literature relevant to SARS-CoV-2 associated cardiovascular pathology, highlighting cardiac manifestations, biomarker utility and therapeutic landscape in the present era of COVID-19.