Comprehensive Review on Structure Elucidation of Local Anesthetic and its Adverse Effects (original) (raw)

Comprehensive Review on Structural Elucidation of Local Anesthetic and It's Adverse Effects

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 2023

Drugs that are classified as local anesthetics abolish the conduction of nerve impulse in afferent and efferent nerve fibers. So that any signal or stimulus are not transmitted effectively to the brain, so motor signal is not transmitted effectively to other effector organ such as muscles. Acute or Chronic pain or sensation of pain during procedures can be prevented by applying local anesthetics. Understanding about our Physiological nerve fiber and transmission of pain sensation is very much important for mechanism of action of local anesthetic. Mainly, Local anesthetics involved with nerve ending or surrounding nerve trunk and combined with the sodium ion (Na+) channel sites on the nerve membrane. They affect membrane action potential as well as depolarizing state by reducing Na+ passage through the sodium ion channel, though blocking both generation and conduction of nerve impulse. In the same way blocking both generation and conduction of sensory nerve impulse. Local anesthetics used for dental surgery; post operation pain remove. Here, we focused on review of research progress on local anesthetics, various aspect of mechanism of action, design, synthesis route, adverse or toxicological effect of new molecules (Local anesthetic).

Local Anesthetics – Substances with Multiple Application in Medicine

European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

Local anesthetics are substances which, by local action groups on the runners, cause loss of reversible a painful sensation, delimited corresponding to the application. They allow small surgery, short in duration and the endoscopic maneuvers. May be useful in soothe teething pain of short duration and in the locking of the nervous disorders in medical care. Local anesthesia is a process useful for the carrying out of surgery and of endoscopic maneuvers, to soothe teething pain in certain conditions, for depriving the temporary structures peripheral nervous control. Reversible locking of the transmission nociceptive, the set of the vegetative and with a local anesthetic at the level of the innervations peripheral nerve, roots and runners, a trunk nervous, around the components of a ganglion or coolant is cefalorahidian practice anesthesia loco-regional. Local anesthetics summary and semi-summary have multiple applications in dentistry, consulting, surgery and obstetrics, constituting...

Non anesthetic action of local anesthetics

2013

Local anesthetics are not only used as drugs to block the sodium channel to provide analgesia and anti-arrhythmic action. The purpose of this review is to highlight the new indications and limitations of this class of drugs. Recent research has focused on the use of i.v. local anesthetics to improve bowel function after surgery or trauma, to protect the central nervous system, to find new clues of local anesthetic effects in chronic neuropathic pain and to investigate the long-term effect of anesthesia / analgesia provided by local anesthetics on cancer recurrence. Recent facts dealing with myoand chondrotoxicity are presented. There is growing evidence that local anesthetics have a broad spectrum of indications aside analgesia and anti-arrhythmic effect. Most of them are still insufficiently known and investigated. These new indications will no doubt be intensively studied in the coming years.

Local anesthetics: pharmacology and toxicity

Dental clinics of North America, 2010

The development of safe and effective local anesthetic agents has possibly been the most important advancement in dental science to occur in the last century. The agents currently available in dentistry are extremely safe and fulfill most of the characteristics of an ideal local anesthetic. These local anesthetic agents can be administered with minimal tissue irritation and with little likelihood of inducing allergic reactions. A variety of agents are available that provide rapid onset and adequate duration of surgical anesthesia. This introductory article provides a brief update of the clinical pharmacology of local anesthetic agents and formulations used in dentistry at present.

Current trends and developments in the field of local anaesthetics

1983

Local anaesthetic agents belong to a surprisingly homogenous family of drugs that are able temporarily to interrupt impulse trnasmission along nerves in a relatively predictable and reuersible manner. During the past hundred years, more efficacious, safer, and uaried types of local anaesthetic agents haue been developed. Since the mechanisms by which these drugs block impulse conduction are becoming better understood, many responses to nerue block can be readily explained in physiologic terms 4 • Such basic understanding is important to the clinician, especially when complications arise or his block is only partly successful. The purpose of this paper is to summarize current knowledge regarding the areas of drug deuelopment, basic mechanism of local anaesthesia, clinical pharmacology of local anaesthetic drugs, and comparatiue effects of regional and general anaesthesia. It is emphasized that the bibliography is not a complete list of the vast literature but merely intends to list major reviews on the subject. Key Words slow releasing anaesthetic preparation. lt has been Local anaesthetics shown that dextran could extend the duration of Current trends conventional local anaesthetics by a few hours although conflicting data exist. 3 '4 Areas of Drug Development There is no doubt that the local anaesthetic drugs currently available are highly effective for the majority of surgical and obstetrical procedures in which regional anaesthesia is .indicated.

A Possible New Concept in the Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthesia

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2013

Background: Local anesthetics act by different mechanisms to produce their effects in control acute and chronic pain. Methods: A total of 22 patients (14 female, 8 male) who need tooth apisectomy under infiltration local anesthesia were examined in two situations: Before and after administration of local anesthesia. For all patients salivary sample has been collected by salivette to estimate the level of opiorphin using ELISA Kits, the pain was assessed after administration of local anesthesia using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: the results showed a significant differences of salivary opiorphin before and after administration of local anesthesia (5.96+5.38) ng/ml and (14.49±3.66) ng/ml respectively with p<0.05, the results also showed that the pain assessment by VAS was (0.831±0.4587) with inverse correlation between the VAS and salivary opiorphin levels but with no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusions: local anesthetics (xylocaine 2%+adrenalin 1:80,000) used in apisectomy by infiltration technique produce a significant effects on salivary opiorphin (p<0.05) which may suggest a possible effects of local anesthetic on enkephalin pathway and the possibility of using this parameter for measurements of local anesthetic effects.

Local Anesthesia - Solution to Pain : An Overview

Journal of Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020

Local anesthetics have been used clinically for more than a century, but new insights into their mechanisms of action and their interaction with biological systems continue to surprise researchers and clinicians alike. Local anesthetics must traverse several tissue barriers to reach their site of action on neuronal membranes. In particular, the perineurium is a major rate-limiting step. Previously it was assumed that patients are rarely allergic to local anesthetic agents, but variation in individual patient’s response to local anesthetics is larger than previously assumed .adjuncts available to block sensory nerver are there, but these typically also prolong motor block.