Cervical venous organization in the transverse foramen (original) (raw)
Related papers
Venous organization in the transverse foramen: dissection, histology, and magnetic resonance imaging
Journal of Neurosurgery, 2014
A nAtomicAl arrangement of the venous system within the transverse foramen has been a controversial topic among authors such as Trolard, Labbé, 17 and Walther. 41 In the time since these authors published their findings, literature on the anatomy of vertebral veins has given various descriptions. Recent data on dissection have shown that important discrepancies remain, varying from a single vertebral vein 19 to a transverse vertebral sinus, 17,23 or even to a confluence of venous plexus. It is worth mentioning that there are links between the venous system within the transverse canal and the vertebral artery. Poirier 27 described a venous plexus located at the lateral side of the artery in this manner: "within the concave part of the artery's loop -appearing as semi-lunar shapes on most imaging cross sections." This pattern on MRI can lead to false positives in diagnosis of vertebral dissection. Moreover, the precise knowledge of the anastomoses between anterior longitudinal veins and vertebral veins can help surgeons to anticipate the complications due to venous bleeding in the surgical approaches for cervical spine 19 and traumatic lesions of the vertebral artery-rare but potentially severe. The aim of this anatomical and radiological study was to detail the arrangement of vertebral veins within the transverse canal. Our study was also based on histological results and aimed at distinguishing between the sinus and venous boundaries. This will address essential components of the Trolard hypothesis of a transverse vertebral sinus. 39 abbreviations DLL = dorsal longitudinal ligament; MRA = MR angiography; MRV = MR venography; TOF = time of flight.
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 2013
Anatomic arrangement of venous system within the transverse foramen is a controversial topic among authors. Precise knowledge of this arrangement is necessary in imaging where vertebral artery dissection is suspected, as well as in surgical approaches of cervical spine. This knowledge objective cannot be achieved without a prerequisite knowledge of primitive venous system. We present here an update on the development of the transverse foramen venous system through a literature review. Our review of the classical literature aimed at synthesis of available related embryological knowledge and relating this synthesis to cervical vertebrae anatomy. Our findings with regard to different primitive descriptions were consistent and often complementary across the studies. The description has varied from a single vertebral vein to a single vein divided at certain areas, or even to a confluence of venous plexus. In this manner, the embryonic knowledge for instance on venous system can help us to better understand the segmental development of vertebral veins and their plexus arrangement. Furthermore, the cranial-caudal embryology, in particular of the nervous system, conveys the initial plexiform arrangement of vertebral veins, which ends into a single venous trunk joining the subclavian vein.
Morphologie, 2014
Anatomic arrangement of venous system within the transverse foramen is a controversial topic among authors. Precise knowledge of this arrangement is necessary in imaging where vertebral artery dissection is suspected, as well as in surgical approaches of cervical spine. This knowledge objective cannot be achieved without a prerequisite knowledge of primitive venous system. We present here an update on the development of the transverse foramen venous system through a literature review. Our review of the classical literature aimed at synthesis of available related embryological knowledge and relating this synthesis to cervical vertebrae anatomy. Our findings with regard to different primitive descriptions were consistent and often complementary across the studies. The description has varied from a single vertebral vein to a single vein divided at certain areas, or even to a confluence of venous plexus. In this manner, the embryonic knowledge for instance on venous system can help us to better understand the segmental development of vertebral veins and their plexus arrangement. Furthermore, the cranial-caudal embryology, in particular of the nervous system, conveys the initial plexiform arrangement of vertebral veins, which ends into a single venous trunk joining the subclavian vein.
Study of the contents of the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebra
Clinical Anatomy, 1990
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the individual variations of the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebra. This foramen sometimes has the same dimensions as the foramina of the other cervical vertebrae, but it can also be smaller, or absent. In cases where a foramen is present in the seventh cervical vertebra, vascular or nervous structures (or both) can be occasionally observed within the space.
The craniocervical venous system in relation to cerebral venous drainage
AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2002
Passing from the supine to the upright position favors cerebral venous outflow into vertebral venous systems rather than into the internal jugular veins. We sought to determine venous connections between dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and craniocervical vertebral venous systems. Corrosion casts of the cranial and cervical venous system were obtained from 12 fresh human cadavers, and anatomic confirmation was made by dissection of three previously injected fresh human specimens. MR venography was performed to provide radiologic correlation. The lateral, posterior, and anterior condylar veins and the mastoid and occipital emissary veins were found to represent the venous connections between the dural venous sinuses of the posterior cranial fossa and the vertebral venous systems. This study revealed the nearly constant presence of the anterior condylar confluent (ACC) located on the external orifice of the canal of the hypoglossal nerve. The ACC offered multiple co...
Microsurgical anatomy of the internal vertebral venous plexuses
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 1998
Few studies have been done about the venous vascularization of the spine since neuroradiologic studies in the 1960s and 70s. The aim of this study was to clarify the topography of the internal vertebral venous plexuses in relation to the posterior longitudinal ligament and the dura. The relationships of the vv. were studied at different levels of the spine. The internal vertebral venous system of seven cadavers was injected with a blue bicomponent silicon rubber. It consisted with an anterior and a posterior venous plexus. At the cervical level, the anterior longitudinal vv. are located in a dehiscence of the periosteal layer, in the lateral part of the spinal canal. At each level, they joined the contralateral one at the midline by a retrocorporeal v. located behind the posterior longitudinal ligament. No vv. were found in the epidural space. There was a major development of the retrocorporeal v. of the axis, but it did not receive any venous drainage from the vertebral body. At the thoracic and lumbar levels, the anterior venous plexuses remain within a dehiscence of the periosteal layer, which is thinner. The retrocorporeal vv. become pre-ligamentous. We did not find any posterior venous plexuses at the cervical level, but they were evident at the thoracic level and became more voluminous and sinusoidal in the lumbar region.
2020
The Transversarium Foramen is a void between one of the transverse pathways surrounding the vertebral artery, venus, and a nerve-like plexus. Special transverse cervical process system created by fusion with the body of remains of the costumes and a true transversal process. Atlas that transmits a vascular bundle of the spine. The purpose of this research is to investigate anatomy and, where appropriate, improvements in the Atlas Foramen transversarium (FT), which may degrade the course of the vertebral artery to insufficiency. In vertebrates, the cervical vertebrae are just behind the skull. The cervical vertebrae, given their size, have the great work in supporting the brain. Defense of the spine and stability of the head and arms. A common function of the transversal process of cervical vertebras is the transversal foramen. Both cervical vertebras excluding the seventh cervical vertebrae transfer lower cervical, vertebral and sympathetic fibers. Foramen transverse is present.
Turkish Neurosurgery, 2017
Injury to the cervical radicular arteries during these approaches is rare. However, injury to the dominant vessels of the vascular supply to the cervical spinal cord can cause spinal cord infarction. Anatomical knowledge of the cervical radicular arteries is therefore important for preventing postoperative neurological complications following procedures on the cervical spine. To our knowledge, there have been few studies published regarding the relationship of radicular arteries to the spinal cord ischemia that can occur following cervical spinal procedures (2,6,12,13,15,21,24). The prevalence of these serious complications is currently unknown. █ INTRODUCTION C ervical transforaminal epidural corticosteroid injections are commonly recommended for cervical radiculopathy pain (2,13,21). Additionally, anterolateral surgical decompression of the cervical spine to treat various pathological processes including degenerative disc disease, trauma, deformity, infection and spinal neoplasms is becoming increasingly more common (7,12,16-19,26). Although procedure-related complications are minor, serious complications result if there is infarction of the spinal cord (6,14,15,24). AIm: Injury to the vascular supply to the cervical spinal cord can lead to the anterior spinal artery syndrome, which is often associated with transforaminal corticosteroid injections to the cervical foramina. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to examine the morphology of the cervical arteries and to emphasize their clinical importance. mATERIAl and mEThODS: Five formalin-fixed human cadavers were used to determine the morphology of the radicular arteries from the vertebral, ascending and deep cervical arteries in the cervical foraminal region. RESUlTS: The mean diameter of the vertebral arteries was 5.50 mm. The radicular arteries arose from the vertebral artery originating from its posterior aspect at each level and the C6 radicular artery was larger in diameter than others. Their diameters ranged from 0.75 mm to 1.02 mm. The mean diameter of the ascending cervical artery was 1.5 mm (range 1.21 to 1.80 mm). Its arising spinal branches were located at the C3-4 or C4-5 levels. The diameters of radicular branches arising from the ascending cervical artery ranged from 0.80 mm to 1.40 mm. The mean diameter of the deep cervical artery was 1.71 mm (range 1.3 to 2.1 mm) and was usually slightly larger than the ascending cervical arteries. These deep cervical radicular arteries always entered the C5-6, C6-7 and C7-T1 foramens and those of the radicular branches arising from the deep cervical artery ranged from 0.43 mm to 1.49 mm (mean, 1.08 mm). CONClUSION: Understanding the vascular supply to the cervical spinal cord is important for preventing serious complications such as spinal cord ischemia.
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 2005
The vertebral artery (VA) is often involved in the occurrence of complications after spinal manipulative therapy. Due to osteophytes compressing the VA anteriorly from the uncinate process or posteriorly from the facet complex, the VAs are susceptible to trauma in the transverse foramina. Such altered anatomical configurations are of major clinical significance, as spinal manipulations may result in dissection of the VA with serious consequences for the blood supply to the vertebrobasilar region. The purpose of this study is to describe numerous structural features of the third to seventh cervical vertebrae in order to contribute to the understanding of pathological conditions related to the VA. The minimal and maximal diameter of 111 transverse foramina in dry cervical vertebrae were studied. The presence of osteophytes and their influence on the VA were evaluated at the vertebral body and at the superior and inferior articular facets. The diameter of the transverse foramina increased from C3 to C6, while the transverse foramina of C7 had the smallest diameter. At all levels the mean dimensions of the left foramina were greater than those of the right side. Osteophytes from the uncinate process of C5 and C6 vertebrae were found in over 60% of dry vertebrae. Osteophytes from the zygapophyseal joints were more frequent at C3 and C4 vertebrae. About half of the osteophytes of the uncinate and of the superior articular process partially covered the transverse foramina. This was less common with those of the inferior articular facets. Osteophytes covering the transverse foramen force the VAs to meander around these obstructions, causing narrowing through external compression and are potential sites of trauma to the VAs potentially even leading to dissection. We strongly advocate that screening protocols for vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) be used prior to any manipulation of the cervical spine and should include not only extension and rotation but any starting position from which the planned manipulation will be performed.
A morphometric study of foramen transversarium of dried cervical vertebrae
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2015
The adult cervical vertebrae are characterized by the presence of Foramen Transversarium (FT) in transverse process, which differentiates them from other vertebrae. The vertebral artery, vertebral vein and sympathetic nerves from inferior cervical ganglion pass though these foramen except the seventh. The vertebral artery enters in its vertebral course at the level of FT of sixth cervical vertebra. The FT of seventh cervical vertebra transmits only vein and is small or even some time absent. 1 In cervical vertebrae, the transverse process is morphologically composite around the FT. These transverse processes consist of ventral and dorsal bar, which terminates laterally as corresponding tubercles.