Cost-effective designs of WDM optical interconnects (original) (raw)
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2012
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2009
In this paper, a novel optical packet switch (OPS) architecture is proposed and its scheduling algorithm is implemented and analyzed. The proposed architecture makes use of shared wavelength exchange optical crossbars (WOCs) to reduce wavelength conversion complexity. Simulation results show that, under heavy traffic loads, the conversion cost of the proposed OPS architecture is only 25% of that of a typical OPS architecture. Moreover, under low traffic loads, the conversion cost of the proposed architecture can be reduced to half of that of typical OPS designs.
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Currently, the growth in capacity demand is still increasing by the emergence of a large number of applications that dramatically increase bandwidth demand and generate a large number of resource requirements in the network. Since the emerging applications require increased bandwidth capacity, the vision of using optical technology in the communication channel, signal processing, and switching fabric is very promising. This article presents an overview of optical switching techniques currently under research investigations. It introduces enabling technologies that have been recently researched and then presents some newly proposed architectures. It describes the SKYLIGHT switch that has been recently developed by the author. The architecture design of the switch is based on a optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique. Performance evaluation of the switch fabric based on the analytical evaluation of the code and numerical simulations of the optical components used to implement the system is presented.
MEMS Technology for Optical Switching
Over the last ten years, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices have received attention in many application areas such microwave, wireless, and optical networks. Especially in optical networks, MEMS technology is employed to provide the advantages of large switch matrix size with low loss at an optimum cost [1,2]. Therefore, optical switches based MEMS technology are now widely used and are considered a good option for optical switching networks. Moreover, they also provide wavelength insensitivity, polarization insensitivity, scalability, and very low crosstalk [3-5]. MEMS optical switches provide fast switching speeds ranging from milliseconds to several hundred microseconds. In this article, MEMS-based optical switches are reviewed including their advantages and disadvantages.
Highly scalable optical switch architecture for wavelength-division-multiplexing applications
Journal of Optical Networking, 2002
An optical architecture is described that offers the maximum interconnectivity afforded by light. The switch is described conceptually, and specific implementations are detailed for a prototype and for a large-scale version that supports more than 10 million channels, each of which carries data at rates of 10 Gbit/s or more. Results for a prototype are presented. Implementation issues, including off-axis propagation and filter angular sensitivity, are addressed. The architecture supports a new generation of parallel routers, and the switch is strictly nonblocking if color switching is not required. Modest levels of color switching, i.e., wavelength changing, can be supported by the architecture with little change by use of an optical foreplane. If full color switching is required, an optical backplane compatible with the architecture is used. Both opaque (optical-electronic-optical) and transparent (mirror array) versions of the switch are described. The architecture can support very low-cost switches for two reasons: (1) The underlying components can utilize wafer-based technologies, and (2) a single alignment can align hundreds or even thousands of channels at once.
A Comparison and Performance of Different Optical Switching Architectures
Int'l J. of Communications, Network and System Sciences, 2011
Optical Packet Switching (OPS) and transmission networks based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) have been increasingly deployed in the Internet infrastructure over the last decade in order to meet the huge increasing demand for bandwidth. Several different technologies have been developed for optical packet switching such as space switches, broadcast-and-select, input buffered switches and output buffered switches. These architectures vary based on several parameters such as the way of optical buffering, the placement of optical buffers, the way of solving the external blocking inherited from switching technologies in general and the components used to implement the WDM. This study surveys most of the exiting optical packet switching architectures. A simulation-based comparison of input buffered and output buffered architectures is presented. The performance analysis of the selected two architectures is derived using simulation program and compared at different scenarios. We found that the output buffered architectures give better performance than input buffered architectures. The simulation results show that the-broadcast-and-select architecture is attractive in terms that it has lees number of components compared to other switches.