Insight into aquaculture's potential of marine annelid worms and ecological concerns: a review (original) (raw)
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A comparative study on the nutritional value of three Polychaete species used in Shrimp Aquaculture
Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 2020
The potential use of polychaete worms are as a dietary source of protein, lipid, amino acids, and vitamins for aquaculture species and also used for alternative feeds of fish meal and fish oils. Many recent studies have been documented the nutritional benefits of polychaetes for aquaculture species, for their satisfactory food intake and reproductive performance in brood stock.Most of the polychaetes were used in hatcheries are wild caught. The commercial harvesting of polychaetes may leads to the disturbance in the benthic community and the ecosystem and also may leads to the depleting population in the ecosystem. Further the development of polychaete culture is therefore of economic importance beyond that the associated bait supply industry which is acted as the initial catalyst for this development. Hence, the present study has been made with three different polychaete species, to assess the nutritional value of the three species, one from imported (Nereis virens) and two locall...
Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development
2018
Three experiments were designed to determine the appropriate size and density for optimum growth and survival of rockworm polychaete Marphysa sanguinea in the integrated culture with olive flounder Paralichythys olivaceus in the flow-through system under controlled laboratory condition over a 13-week period. The experimental design was that 200, 400, 800, 400 and 400 worms were in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 for Experiment-1 (<0.5 g), 100, 200, 400, 200 and 200 worms were for Experiment-2 (<0.5-1.5 g) and 50, 100, 200, 100 and 100 worms were for Experiment-3 (1.5-2.5 g), respectively. The worm feed of T1, T2 and T3 was fish feces and uneaten feed, and that of T4 was controlled-no feed, and that of T5 was commercial feed. The polychaete worms were kept in 15 boxes (L50 × W40 × H30 cm), and bottoms of the boxes were filled with a 15~20 cm layer of substrate sediment of 50% gravel and 50% oyster shell. Thirty fishes were placed in each cubic tank (L70 × W40 × H20 cm) with 55 L water. The weight gain of rockworms (<0.5 g) in T1, T2 and T3 for Experiment-1 (<0.5 g) has shown 152.7%, 153.8%, and 140.3%, respectively. The weight gain was higher than in the other two groups, as the weight gain of rockworms in T1, T2 and T3 for Experiment-2 (0.5-1.5 g) was 51%, 30%, and 46%, respectively, and that of rockworms for Experiment-3 (<1.5-2.5 g), that is, 75%, 73, and 62%, respectively. From this result, it can be concluded that in the flow through system a small size (< 0.5 g) group of rockworms can be one of the most suitable species at the density of 2000-4000 inds.m-2 on fish feces and uneaten feed, as they can grow better than 0.5-1.5 g and 1.5-2.5 g rockworms. On the other hand, integrated results have indicated that in the flow through system around 8 g olive flounder fish was an excellent candidate to be associated with 0.5-1.5 g worms, which can grow better than a small size (< 0.5 g) group of rockworms and than 1.5-2.5 g worms at the optimum density 1000-2000 inds.m-2 polychaetes.
Aquaculture, 2011
Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of feeding the polychaete worm Nereis virens with solid wastes collected from a marine recirculating system. In experiment 1, worms with an initial mean weight of 0.37 g were fed for 80 days with a commercial worm diet (CD), halibut fecal waste (FW), uneaten halibut feed pellets (PW) or a 1:1 mixture of fecal waste and feed pellet waste (MW). The resulting biomass and average weight of harvested worms was significantly higher in the PW group than in the other 3 groups (ANOVA, p b 0.05). Total fat levels in the worms from the MW and PW groups were higher than the CD group. In a similar setup for experiment 2, worms with an initial mean weight of 0.18 g were fed varying proportions of waste mixed with commercial worm diet. The CD group was fed only commercial diet, the W100 group fed only waste and two intermediate treatments fed 50% of each (W50) or 75% waste (W75). Total fat content of the worms was significantly higher in the W75 and W100 groups than the CD group. There were no significant differences in terms of biomass or average weight at the end of the experiment. CHN analysis of the remaining substrate after harvest revealed that little in the way of organic content was left behind. Certain fatty acids were abundant in worms from both experiments, specifically 16:0, 16:1, 18:1ω9, 18:2ω6, 20:5 ω3 (EPA) and 22:6 ω6 (DHA) and analysis revealed some treatment differences due to diet. The results demonstrate that production of N. virens using fish wastes is highly efficient. This species is an excellent candidate for integrated aquaculture and waste recycling.
From Pest to Profit—The Potential of Shipworms for Sustainable Aquaculture
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2020
We face a food crisis. Suboptimal diet is the biggest cause of death worldwide, food production the biggest greenhouse gas emitting sector, and by 2050 an extra 2.5 billion people need affordable nutrition. Current farming systems will fail to tackle this crisis, and there is an urgent need to diversify global food production and find effective solutions in currently underexploited food sectors. Shipworms, or shell-less Teredo clams, could prove a highly valuable component of such solutions. Historically viewed as a marine pest, they have unique physiological characteristics which make them an ideal food source, including exceptionally fast growth rates, the ability to feed on waste wood or sustainable microalgae, and a high protein and omega 3 content. Today only a select few traditional cultures in the Philippines consume shipworms, but there is considerable opportunity to develop mechanisms to farm shipworms and provide a sustainable, nutrient rich, affordable food source. This will require significant challenges to be overcome, ranging from fundamental research to industry development to food processing and marketing. Leveraging new innovations in breeding, aquaculture feeds, growth systems, food processing methodologies and consumer engagement can however offer powerful solutions, and could help turn what was once a maritime villain into a nutritional savior.
Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 2018
Three experiments were designed to determine the appropriate size and density for optimum growth and survival of rockworm polychaete Marphysa sanguinea in the integrated culture with olive flounder Paralichythys olivaceus in the flow-through system under controlled laboratory condition over a 13-week period. The experimental design was that 200, 400, 800, 400 and 400 worms were in T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 and T 5 for Experiment-1 (<0.5 g), 100, 200, 400, 200 and 200 worms were for Experiment-2 (<0.5-1.5 g) and 50, 100, 200, 100 and 100 worms were for Experiment-3 (1.5-2.5 g), respectively. The worm feed of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 was fish feces and uneaten feed, and that of T 4 was controlled-no feed, and that of T 5 was commercial feed. The polychaete worms were kept in 15 boxes (L50 × W40 × H30 cm), and bottoms of the boxes were filled with a 15~20 cm layer of substrate sediment of 50% gravel and 50% oyster shell. Thirty fishes were placed in each cubic tank (L70 × W40 × H20 cm) with 55 L water. The weight gain of rockworms (<0.5 g) in T 1 , T 2 and T 3 for Experiment-1 (<0.5 g) has shown 152.7%, 153.8%, and 140.3%, respectively. The weight gain was higher than in the other two groups, as the weight gain of rockworms in T 1 , T 2 and T 3 for Experiment-2 (0.5-1.5 g) was 51%, 30%, and 46%, respectively, and that of rockworms for Experiment-3 (<1.5-2.5 g), that is, 75%, 73, and 62%, respectively. From this result, it can be concluded that in the flow through system a small size (< 0.5 g) group of rockworms can be one of the most suitable species at the density of 2000-4000 inds.m-2 on fish feces and uneaten feed, as they can grow better than 0.5-1.5 g and 1.5-2.5 g rockworms. On the other hand, integrated results have indicated that in the flow through system around 8 g olive flounder fish was an excellent candidate to be associated with 0.5-1.5 g worms, which can grow better than a small size (< 0.5 g) group of rockworms and than 1.5-2.5 g worms at the optimum density 1000-2000 inds.m-2 polychaetes.
The effects of different diets on survival of marine oligochaetes worm (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae
This experiment is designed to observe the suitability of different diets on survival rate of marine oligochates worm in laboratory scale using flowing water system. The oligochaetes worms were cultured in five different diet treatments (commercial pellet, seaweed, goat dung, soybean meal and combination diet) each having triplicates. The oligochaetes were cultured for 90 days. The highest survival rate of oligochaetes culture were found significant (p < 0.001) in the combined diet containing goat dung (20%), seaweed (Gracilaria sp.: 20%) and soybean meal (20%). Results of the present study suggest that the combination diet is the best compared to single diet in order to obtain the maximum survival rate of marine oligochaetes worm. The present finding is important in providing the baseline data for marine oligochaetes culture. Further study might be extended in detail to investigate the reproductive cycle since marine oligochaetes is highly potential in mass culture production.
Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 2019
Effects of food availability on larval growth and survival of Spirobranchus kraussii were studied by feeding larvae different algal diets. Newly hatched larvae of S. kraussii were fed four different marine microalgae species, singly and in various mixtures. The best growth was observed when fed C. vulgaris, N. oculata as a single species and mixed-algal diet during day 15 after fertilization. Mortality was low for larvae (max. 5%); survival rate more than 95%. These results suggest that S. kraussii larvae have the capacity to feed using alternative sources of energy, and food size and quality can affect their growth and sustainability.
Aquaculture
Increased aquaculture production will result in increased amounts of waste produced, and these wastes are highly underexploited. Polychaetes might effectively consume such waste and transfer them into compounds as marine proteins and lipids. In our study, growth and nutritional composition of the polychaete worm Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776) were analyzed to evaluate i) the capability of H. diversicolor to utilize waste from land-based salmon smolt farms for growth and ii) the nutritional composition of H. diversicolor cultivated on salmon smolt waste. The worms were fed iso-carbonic diets comprised of fish feed, smolt waste, microalgae paste, and a 1:5 mixture (based on carbon content) of microalgae paste and smolt waste for a period of 30 days. H. diversicolor reared on fish feed grew significantly faster (wet weight basis) than worms grown on the other diets (SGR = 0.025 d −1). Worms fed with the mixture of smolt waste and microalgae showed the lowest growth (SGR = 0.003 d −1), while no significant differences were found between worms cultivated on smolt waste and microalgae paste (0.012 d −1 vs. 0.014 d −1 , respectively). The lipid content in H. diversicolor ranged between 12 and 16% of DW for all treatments, whereof approximately 45% of the total fatty acids were comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid (C16:0) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3; EPA) were found to be the most abundant fatty acids in the worms. Docosahexaenoic acid (C20:6 n-3; DHA) content increased significantly from 1.5% to 4.6-7.8% of the total fatty acids during the experiment for all treatments. The protein content ranged between 54 and 58% of DW, and the most abundant essential amino acids (EAA) were found to be lysine and leucine. We calculated that potential polychaete biomass produced via recycling smolt waste nutrients will account for 8% of smolt production, indicating that H. diversicolor can not only be successfully reared on waste sludge from land-based salmon smolt aquaculture, but they also contain high valuable compounds, and therefore can help to increase the protein and lipid availability meanwhile decreasing the environmental impact from aquaculture activities.
Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 2019
We evaluated the potential of the marine bristleworm Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta) to recycle side streams from aquaculture and biogas production. Polychaetes were fed along a gradient from pure aquaculture sludge (SS) to pure solid biogas digestate (SBD) in 33% steps, with a positive control reared on fish feed (FF). Worms fed with FF showed the highest specific growth rate; there were no significant differences in growth rates among worms fed pure SS, pure SBD or their mixtures. While the diets differed significantly in protein concentrations, the worms showed comparable protein concentrations at the end of the 30 d rearing period (42−47% of dry weight). Lipid content in the worms was positively correlated with that in their diets. The worms on mixtures of SS and SBD with different ratios showed similar amino acid profiles. Fatty acid (FA) composition in the polychaetes reflected diet, where increased fractions of SBD resulted in an increase in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs, such as arachidonic (C20:4 n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) acids, whereas increased ratios of SS increased docosapentaenoic (C22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids. These results suggest that polychaetes can recycle organic nutrients from aquaculture and biogas side streams into high-quality proteins and lipids, and can potentially serve as ingredients for aquafeeds.