Influence of Postactivation Potentiation on Shot Put Performance of Collegiate Throwers (original) (raw)
Related papers
INFLUENCE OF POSTACTIVATION POTENTIATION ON SPRINTING PERFORMANCE IN PROFESSIONAL RUGBY PLAYERS
Bevan, HR, Cunningham, DJ, Tooley, EP, Owen, NJ, Cook, CJ, and Kilduff, LP. Influence of postactivation potentiation on sprinting performance in professional rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 24(3): 701–705, 2010—After a bout of high-intensity exercise of short duration (preload stimulus), the muscle is in both a fatigued and potentiated (referred to as postactivation potentiation [PAP]) state. Consequently, subsequent muscle performance depends on the balance of these 2 factors. Although research has shown PAP to be an effective method of increasing power during both the squat jumps, little data exist on its effect on more functional activities such as sprinting. The present study aimed to determine the effect of PAP on sprint performance in professional rugby players. Sixteen professional male rugby players performed 5 10-m sprints (with a 5-m split): baseline, 4, 8, 12, and 16 minutes after the preload stimulus (1 set of 3 repetitions of the back squat at 91% 1 Repetition Maximum [RM]). There was no significant time effect over the duration of the study with regard to 5-m (p = 0.175) and 10-m sprint times (p = 0.401). However, when individual responses to PAP were taken into account, a significant improvement in sprint performance was observed over both 5 (Baseline: 1.09 6 0.06s vs. Best time: 1.05 6 0.05s, p = 0.002) and 10 m (Baseline: 1.83 6 0.08s vs. Best time: 1.79 6 0.08s, p = 0.003) compared with the baseline sprint. We conclude that sprinting performance is enhanced after a preload stimulus providing adequate and individualized recovery is given between the 2 activities, and this may have important implications for training speed.
Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2016
Acute post activation potentiation (PAP) is a physical conditioning activity that incorporates intense muscle activation to enhance muscular force production. Practical applications of PAP as a conditioning activity to enhance sport performance are of interest to athletes and coaches. PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of a dynamic warm-up and a dynamic warm-up followed by a PAP conditioning activity on shot put throw distance. METHODS: NCAA Division I male (n=6) and female (n=7) track and field athletes volunteered as participants for the study. The study employed a randomized repeated measures crossover design where each participant was randomly placed into one of two groups. During the first test session one group performed a dynamic warm-up followed by an 8-minute rest period then a shot put throw test. The other group performed a dynamic warm-up followed by a PAP conditioning activity comprised of 3 repetitions of a hang clean and jerk at 80% 1-RM followed by an 8-minute rest period then a shot put throw test. During week 2 the two groups crossed over with respect to the warm-up conditions and repeated the shot put throw test. Three shot put trials were collected following each warm-up condition and the best score was used for subsequent analysis. The shot put throw distances were compared between warm-up strategies with a paired t-test. RESULTS: The shot put throw scores were: PAP 10.93±1.81* and non-PAP 10.57±1.84 meters (p=0.007). CONCLUSION: Within the parameters of this study, when compared to a standard dynamic warm-up, a dynamic warm-up strategy that includes a PAP event significantly improves shot put throw performance. Coaches and athletes could apply the dynamic warm-up that includes a PAP conditioning activity as implemented in this study to enhance shot put performance during competitive scenarios.
Post Activation Potentiation in North American High School Football Players
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2017
Post activation potentiation (PAP) is an acute enhancement of muscular power production resulting from a high intensity potentiating exercise. Practical applications of the PAP phenomena as a warmup strategy are the focus of ongoing research. This study compared the effects of a dynamic and a PAP warm up strategy on speed and horizontal plane muscular power output. High School male football players (n = 16) participated in a repeated measures cross over design study consisting of 3 testing days. Day 1: one repetition maximum (1-RM) back squats were established. Day 2: half of the participants completed a dynamic warmup consisting of dynamic movements (ex. high knees, butt kickers, frog jumps, cherry pickers, lateral slide, karaokes, back pedal) while the other half of the participants performed a PAP warmup consisting of back squats culminating in a set of 4 repetitions at 85% of 1-RM. Following the warmups (4-minutes), the participants performed 3 trials of a weighted sled push 91 kilograms (200 pounds) over a 9.1 meter (10 yards) linear path. Following the sled pushes, the participants then performed three trials of 18.2 meter (20 yards) sprints. Day 3: participants crossed over with respect to the warmup procedures and again performed the three sled push and sprint trials. Dependent t-tests were used to compare the sled push and sprint times between warm up conditions. Both the 18.2 meter sprint (P < 0.01) and the 91 kilogram sled push (P < 0.01) showed a significant improvement when PAP was utilized as a warmup, rather than the dynamic warmup. Within the parameters of the study, it is concluded that PAP as a warm up strategy enhances sprint ability and horizontal plane muscular power output.
Journal of human kinetics, 2018
This study aimed to compare the effects of a traditional warm-up with two post-activation potentiation (PAP) warm-up strategies on the repeated sprint ability (RSA) of soccer players from national (NL) and regional (RL) competitive levels. Sixteen young players (NL, n = 8, age = 20.7 ± 1.4 y, body mass = 68.5 ± 7.0 kg, body height = 177.4 ± 5.2 cm; RL, n = 8, age = 20.8 ± 1.0 y, body mass = 68.7 ± 4.0 kg, body height = 176.6 ± 5.6 cm) were recruited to complete a traditional warm-up (CONTROL), a PAP warm-up incorporating squats with a load (~60% 1RM) that allowed a high speed (1 m/s) of movement and a high number of repetitions (PAP-1), and a PAP warm-up with a load (~90% 1RM) that allowed a moderate speed (0.5 m/s) of movement and a reduced number of repetitions (PAP-0.5). A RSA test (six 20-m sprints with 20 s of recovery) was performed 5 min after the PAP warm-up to assess the effects of the different protocols on the fastest sprint (RSAb) and the mean time of all sprints (RSAm)....
THE INFLUENCE OF POST ACTIVATION POTENTIATION ON SHOT PUT PERFORMANCE OF COLLEGIATE THROWERS
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2013
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the acute effects of heavy and light implements on subsequent overhead back (OHB) shot put performance with a competition weight shot put. The present investigation was designed test the efficacy of heavy implements for potentiating subsequent OHB performance. Participants included 41 athletes (20.9±1.18yrs.) from two NCAA Division I schools in the Midwestern United States (n=23 male, n=18 female).
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2015
Evetovich, TK, Conley, DS, and McCawley, PF. Postactivation potentiation enhances upper-and lower-body athletic performance in collegiate male and female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 29(2): 336-342, 2015-The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of postactivation potentiation (PAP)inducing activities in 4 separate studies examining vertical (VJP) and horizontal (HJP) jump performance, shot put performance (SPP), and sprint performance (SP), in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes. Study 1: 12 male (mean 6 SD; age = 20.2 6 2.0 years; height = 178.1 6 6.2 cm; weight = 73.3 6 6.43 kg) and 8 female (age = 20.1 6 1.0 years; height = 169.6 6 5.5 cm; weight = 59.8 6 7.6 kg) track athletes participated in HJP and VJP testing before and after performing a parallel back squat (PBS) at 85% 1 repetition maximum (RM). Study 2: 10 (6 men and 4 women) shot put throwers (age = 20.6 6 0.7 years; height = 182.1 6 9.8 cm; weight = 102.8 6 23.6 kg) participated in SPP testing for control (C), 3RM bench press, and 3RM PBS protocols. Study 3: 7 football players (age = 20.4 6 1.6 years; weight = 87.8 6 8.3 kg; height = 184.3 6 7.2 cm) participated in SP testing before (PBS1) and after (PBS2) performing a 3RM PBS. Study 4: 11 football players (age = 20.3 6 1.8 years; height = 180.6 6 7.5 cm; weight = 86.1 6 12.8 kg) participated in VJP testing for C and 3RM PBS protocols. Results of study 1: There was a significant (p # 0.05) increase in VJP (PRE = 61.9 6 12.3 cm; POST = 63.6 6 11.6 cm) and HJP (PRE = 93.7 6 11.0 cm; POST = 95.9 6 11.5 cm). Study 2: SPP after PBS (11.67 6 1.92 m) was not different vs. C (11.77 6 1.81), but bench press (11.91 6 1.81 m) was significantly greater (p # 0.05) than both PBS and C. Study 3: SP time was significantly lower for PBS2 (4.6014 6 0.17995 seconds) vs. PB1 (4.6557 6 0.19603 seconds). Study 4: There was no difference in VJP for C (68.35 6 2.16 cm) vs. PBS (68.12 6 2.51 cm). Our data show that a 3RM PBS resulted in significant improvements in VJP, HJP, SPP, and SP in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II male and female athletes. Strength and conditioning practitioners should potentially alter their warm-up programs to include PAP protocols to enhance performance of power athletes. However, there were nonresponders in each study, and coaches and athletes need to determine whether it is worthwhile to identify nonresponders before implementing PAP protocols.
Journal of strength and conditioning research, 2016
This study compared the post-activation potentiation (PAP) response of the hex bar deadlift (HBD) and back squat (BS) exercises. The PAP response between different levels of athletes was also compared. Ten professional and ten amateur rugby league players performed two experimental sessions. Participants performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) before and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 minutes after a conditioning activity (CA) that contained 1 set of 3 repetitions at 93% 1RM of either HBD or BS. A force platform determined peak power output (PPO), force at PPO, velocity at PPO and jump height of each CMJ. Surface EMG of the vastus lasteralis, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius medialis of each participant's dominant leg was recorded during each CMJ. A further ten participants performed a control trial without a CA. The HBD expressed PAP between 2 and 6 minutes post-CA, whereas the BS did not. The HBD exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) greater PAP response th...
Asian Journal of Sports Medicine
Background: Short sprint is an important physical ability that determines the success in various sports modalities and may influence different conditioning activities. Postactivation potentiation (PAP) is a conditioning method used in practicing sports, which can result in acute improvements in muscle power and performance by interaction of physiological and neural mechanisms. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of PAP on a sprint of less than 40 meters. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the randomized, controlled studies. The search was conducted in several databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Science Direct) using the following keywords: "Postactivation Potentiation", "Sprint", and "Complex Training and Sprint". The sprint time data (mean and standard deviation) of the selected studies were analyzed using the OpenMeta (Analyst) ® program. Data were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) between the groups with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The level of significance was P < 0.05. Results: A total of 1859 records were initially identified out of which 15 studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria and included in the current study. The meta-analysis results showed a positive effect of PAP on sprint time in the distance 0 to 10 meter
Optimal Recovery Time for Postactivation Potentiation in Professional Soccer Players
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2013
Resistance exercise may acutely enhance muscle contractile activity which is known as postactivation potentiation (PAP). PAP augments important skills that require power production that are necessary during soccer performance. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal recovery time to elicit PAP following a bout of high-intensity resistance exercise in professional soccer players. Twenty-two senior professional soccer players [Mean(SD): age, 23(4.5) y; stature, 1.83(6.6) m; body mass, 80.9(7.8) kg] were randomised to either an experimental (n=11) or a control group (n=11). Both groups performed a standardised warm-up and baseline countermovement jump (CMJ) followed by a 10 min recovery. The control group then performed a CMJ at 15 s and at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 min, whereas the experimental group performed a 3RM squat and then an identical CMJ protocol. No significant differences were found between groups for CMJ peak-power (p >0.05) or jump height (p >0.05). No time effect for peak-power (F (6,60) =2.448; p=.063) or jump-height (F (6,60) =2.399; p=.089) was observed throughout the experimental group trials.