Etiological factors and patterns of maxillofacial trauma among school-going children: A cross-sectional study at Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar (original) (raw)
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Oral and maxillofacial injuries in children: a retrospective study
Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective epidemiological study was to determine the etiology and pattern of maxillofacial injuries in a pediatric population. Materials and Methods: Data for pediatric maxillofacial trauma patients aged 12 years and younger who were registered at the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, India, were reviewed and examined. Patients who were treated between October 2016 and September 2018 were analyzed according to age, sex, cause of injury, frequency and site of facial fractures, and soft tissue injuries. The chi-square tests were carried out for statistical analyses with a significance level of 5%. Results: Of 232 patients with a mean age of 6.77±3.25 years, there were 134 males (57.8%) and 98 females (42.2%). The overall male to female ratio was 1.39:1. The most common causes of injuries were falls (56.5%) and motor vehicle accidents (16.8%). Incidence of falls decreased significantly with age (P<0.001). Dentoalveolar injuries (61.6%) and soft tissue injuries (57.3%) were more common than facial fractures (42.7%). Mandibular fractures (82.8%) were the most common facial fractures, and perioral or lip injuries were the most prevalent injuries in our patient population. There was a positive association between facial fractures and soft tissue injury (P<0.01) (odds ratio 0.26; confidence interval 0.15-0.46). Conclusion: Falls were the leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in our sample of children, and the most common site of fractures was the mandible.
Pattern of Maxillofacial Injuries in Pediatric Patients – A Hospital Based Retrospective Study
Birat Journal of Health Sciences, 2020
Introduction: Maxillofacial injuries are less frequent in children than adults and are more often minimally displaced. Literature reveals that the incidence of maxillofacial injuries accounts for 1% - 14.7% in children below age 16 years. There is lack of information on epidemiological data for pediatric maxillofacial injury from Nepal. Objectives: The objective of the study is to determine the pattern of maxillofacial injuries in the pediatric population who had been treated in one of the tertiary level hospitals in western Nepal. Methodology: Among 303 cases of maxillofacial trauma registered between March 2017 to February 2019 at UCMS College of Dental Surgery, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal; 57 cases of pediatric maxillofacial injuries that were admitted and received treatment were enrolled in the study. Parameters recorded were demographic data, mode of injury, the pattern of maxillofacial injuries and treatment provided. Results: Majority of patients were males (66.67%) among w...
Prevalence and Etiology of Pediatric Maxillofacial Injuries: A Unicenter-based Retrospective Study
International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 2019
Background: Children are uniquely susceptible to craniofacial trauma because of their greater cranial mass-to-body ratio. The craniofacial injuries comprise approximately 11.3% of an overall pediatric emergency, and its etiology affects the incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment modalities, which are influenced by sociodemographic, economic, and cultural factor of the population being studied. Materials and methods: A retrospective review to analyze the epidemiology of facial injuries in pediatric population (age range-0-16 years), divided into three age groups, i.e., group I (0-5 years), group II (6-11 years) and group III (12-16 years), was carried out over a 3-year span, in order to determine the facial injury pattern, mechanism and concomitant injury by age. Results: A total of 1,221 patients with facial injuries, reporting to our trauma center and outpatient department were identified. Majority of these injuries were encountered among boys (64%). Motor vehicle collision (46.5%) was the most common cause of facial fracture and dentoalveolar injuries in group II and group III, while fall was the most common cause among the group I (30.2%). Mandible was the most commonly fractured bone (34.7%) followed by nasal (33.3%), maxilla (17.5%), and zygoma (14.3%). More than 50% sustained concomitant injuries. Conclusion: The importance of epidemiological analysis lies in the identification of trauma burden, which could help motivate and develop more efficient ways to plan resources allocation and deliver adequate care and preventive steps. Improvisation upon National Prevention Programs could lower incidences of such injuries.
Pediatric injuries in maxillofacial trauma: a 5 year study
Journal of Maxillofacial …, 2009
Fractures of the facial skeleton in children are less frequent. This clinical retrospective study of 5 year was conducted on 95 patients aged less than 16 years who sustained maxillofacial injuries during the period 2003 to 2008. Age, sex, etiology incidence and type of fracture were studied. The ratio of boys to girls was 1.9:1. The 7-12 year age group was commonly involved and the highest incidence was at age of ten years. Falls were the most common cause of injury accounting for 41%, followed by road traffic accidents (30%). Sports related injuries, assault and child abuse were also the causes of injury in children. Dentoalveolar injuries were found to be highest incidence with 42.1% followed by mandibular fractures. The soft tissue injuries were associated the pediatric maxillofacial trauma were found to be 34.7% of all cases.
Prevalence of paediatric maxillo-facial trauma in India: a single centre, 5-year retrospective study
International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics
Background: Trauma is one of the most common reasons of fatalities worldwide. A study on the prevalence is important to know about the common causes of trauma. Such studies and data boost the campaigning on prevention and increasing awareness against trauma.Methods: Traumatised patients who reported to the emergency or casualty department of Mahatma Gandhi hospital, Sitapura, Jaipur or out-patient department of department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of Mahatma Gandhi Dental college and hospital, Sitapura, Jaipur between January 2017 and December 2021 were selected for this study. The hospital records of patients were retrospectively analysed for age, gender, etiology of trauma, distribution of fracture in facial structure and among maxilla and mandible, treatment procedures patients underwent in different age groups.Results: 371 traumatic patients were analysed for paediatric maxillofacial trauma. The commonly affected age group were found to be 13-16 years, with road traffic ...
Etiology and patterns of pediatric maxillofacial trauma JDRR
Journal of Dental Research and Review, 2023
Introduction: We intended to retrospectively analyze the epidemiological data and pattern of pediatric maxillofacial fractures in this article. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis focuses on patients under the age of 18 years who were admitted to an inpatient department with maxillofacial fractures over a 3-year time at a Bangladeshi tertiary health-care center. The following variables were assessed: gender distribution, etiology of trauma, and anatomic site of fractures. Results: The majority of the 90 patients were boys (77.78%), with an average age of 12.9 years (standard deviation, 4.51 years). The result showed a ratio of 3.5:1 between males and females. The majority of patients (56.67%) were between the ages of 13 and 18 years. There was no statistically meaningful relationship (P > 0.05) between the age of the patients and their gender. Road traffic accidents (RTAs; 75.56% of maxillofacial fractures) were the most common cause, followed by accidental falls (13.33%). Mandible fractures were the most prevalent (70%), followed by zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC; 14.45%) and mid-face fractures (5.55%). The parasymphysis (17.78%) and body (16.68%) of the mandible were the two most common unilateral fracture sites. Parasymphysis with angle was the most typical set of fracture sites in the mandible (7.79%). There was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) correlation between the age of the patients and the location of the maxillofacial fracture. Conclusions: In Bangladesh, RTAs were the predominant reason for pediatric maxillofacial fractures. The mandible and ZMC were the two areas that fractured most frequently in the pediatric population.
Prevalence and Causes of traumatic dental injury among children attending the
Background: Traumatic dental injury (TDI) has become an important public health problem not only because their prevalence is high, but also because it has substantial impact on the child's quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the causes of TDI among the children that attended the dental clinic of the University of Abuja Teaching Huspital (UATH) Methods. This was a prospective study of pediatric patients aged 1-16 years that visited the dental clinic of UATH over a period of 12 months. The data obtained included age, sex, causes of dental trauma, place of trauma, number of teeth affected, type of tooth, and type of tooth trauma. Traumatized teeth were classified using Garcia-Godoy's classification. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0. Results. The overall TDI prevalence was 9.5%, higher in male than in female, 11.7 % and 7.5% respectively. The highest number of TDIs, 41(36.0%) occurred within the age group of 1-5 years and the least susceptible group was the 16-years age group, 6 (5.3%). Falls of various types accounted for 64 (56.0%) of causes of TDIs, followed by violence/assault 19 (16.7%), collision 15 (13.2%), RTA 7 (6.1%) sports 6 (5.3%), and biting on bone 1 (0.9%) while the cause of TDIs was unknown in 2 (1.8%) of the patients. TDIs from falls, violence/assaults and RTA were higher among males while injuries from sports and collision were commoner among females. The majority 104 (91.2%) of TDIs occurred either at home 45 (39.4%), in school 41 (36%) or in the street 18 (15.8%). The commonest injury in permanent dentition was enamel-dentine fracture without pulp exposure 23 (14.2%), while luxation was most frequent injury sustained in deciduous dentition 15 (9.2%). The majority of TDIs involved upper central incisors 129 (79.6%), and most children 73 (64%) had TDIs involving a single tooth. Conclusion. The prevalence of TDI among our study population was relatively low (9.5%), with a slightly higher prevalence among boys. The commonest cause was fall and majority occurred at home and in school with highest prevalence among the age group 1-5 years. There is need for oral health education and promotion on the causes and prevention of TDIs among parents and educators.
Paediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma - Review of Literature
2021
Approximately 5% to 15% of all facial fractures occur in children. The prevalence of pediatric facial fractures is lowest in infants and increases progressively with age. Children younger than 5-years contribute to only 1.0% of facial fractures, whereas 1.0 to 14.7% occurs in patients older than 16-years. The trauma occurring at this age is usually related to increased physical activity and participation in sports during puberty and adolescence. The most common cause is motor vehicle accidents [5-80.2%], followed by accidental causes, such as falls [7.8-48%] sports-related injury is the next most common cause [4.4-42%], violence [3.761.1%] and other causes [9.3%]. Children usually are more susceptible to greenstick fractures and have a higher resistance to facial fractures because of the abundance of cartilage and cancellous bone, low mineralization and underdeveloped cortex, along with the more flexible suture lines and indistinct corticomedullary junction which confers greater ela...
Archives of Trauma Research, 2016
Background: Traumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth are a significant public health problem, not only because their prevalence is relatively high, but also because they have considerable impact on children's daily lives. Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) cause physical and psychological discomfort, pain and other negative impacts, such as tendency to avoid laughing or smiling, which can affect social relationships. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to anterior teeth among 12-year-old school children in Kashmir, India. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in private and government schools of India among 1600 schoolchildren aged 12 years. In addition to recording of the type of trauma (using Ellis and Davey classification of fractures, 1970), over jet, Angle's molar relation and lip competence were also recorded. The socioeconomic status and academic performance of the study subjects were registered. The data obtained were compiled systematically and then statistically analyzed. The statistical significance for the association between the traumatic injury and the variables was analyzed using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to identify potential risk predictors of TDIs. Results: The overall prevalence of TDI to anterior teeth was found to be 9.3%. The TDI to anterior teeth in male was more than female, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant (P < 0.01). Falls and sports were the most common causes of trauma in the present study. The highest potential risk factor for the occurrence of trauma was over jet. Academic performance was found to be significantly associated to TDI to anterior teeth, when analyzed in a multiple regression model. Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was 9.3%. Traumatic dental injuries among children exhibit complex interaction between the victims' oral conditions and their behavior. Therefore, prevention should consider a number of characteristics such as oral predisposing factors, environmental determinants and human behavior. It is recommended that specific and proper public places for leisure and sports activities, with impact-absorbing surfaces around the items on which children are most likely to fall, should be provided.
Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma: A Review of 156 Patients
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2016
To review the epidemiology and management of facial fractures in a pediatric population. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of patients under 18 years old presenting to a pediatric emergency department over a 5-year period in an urban, academic, Level-1 designated trauma center. Results 156 patients were identified. Most were male (87%), and the mean age was 13.5 years (SD+/-4.9, IQR 12-17). The most common mechanism of injury (MOI) was assault (48.1%). Mandibular fractures (40.7%) were most common. Multiple fractures occurred in 26.9% of patients. Concomitant injuries occurred in 73.7% of patients, most commonly concussions (39.1%). Intracranial hemorrhages were associated with pan-facial (p=0.005), frontal (p=0.001), and orbital fractures (p=0.04). Most patients (91.7%) were admitted, and non-operative repair was undertaken in 57.1%. There was an independent association between surgical intervention and age >14 years and mandibular fractures (p<0.01). Conclusions Assault was the most common MOI and mandibular fracture was the most commonly encountered. Concomitant non-facial injuries occurred in a majority of patients. Patients sustaining pan-facial, frontal, and orbital fractures should provoke evaluation for other intracranial injuries. Children >14 years old and those with mandibular fractures may prompt mobilization of resources for operative repair.