Predictive value of prepartum serum metabolites for incidence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in grazing primiparous Holstein cows (original) (raw)
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Serum Metabolic Markers Pre and Postpartum in Holstein Cows According to the Mastitis Occurrence
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2018
Background: Bovine mastitis causes major economic losses for milk producers by reducing the quantity and the quality of the milk or even leading to the complete loss of the mammary gland secretory capacity. During the transition period, dairy cows are susceptible to infectious diseases; therefore, markers that allow early identification of cows in higher risk of developing diseases are especially useful at this time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate serum markers in the pre and postpartum of multiparous dairy cows with clinical mastitis and with health condition in the postpartum period in a semi-extensive management system.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-Six Holstein cows were monitored daily during milking until 59 days postpartum and were categorized according to the pre-milking strip cup test into clinical mastitis (mastitis group (MG)) and absence of symptoms (control group (CG)) that were negative to the test, representing the health cows. All cows were re...
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009
Our objective was to identify specific blood markers as risk factors for the development of mastitis during early lactation. We used a subset of cows from a larger experiment that consisted of a total of 634 lactations from 317 cows. Cows were of 3 breeds and ranged from parity 1 to 4. Blood samples were collected weekly from 56 d before expected calving date through 90 d in milk (DIM). Blood was analyzed for several hormones, metabolites, and enzymes, and energy intake and energy balance were calculated. Veterinary treatment records and daily composite milk somatic cell counts were analyzed and used to determine incidence and severity of mastitis in early lactation. Cows were separated into 2 groups: 1) WK0, consisting of cows that developed clinical mastitis (CM), cows that developed subclinical mastitis (SM), or cows that were healthy (H) during the first 7 DIM; and 2) EL, consisting of CM, SM, or H cows during wk 2 through 13 of lactation. Data were adjusted for numerous fixed effects (e.g., parity, breed, season, and DIM) before statistical analysis. The time of mastitis (TOM) was recorded as the DIM in which the first rise in somatic cell count was observed and was recorded as TOM = 0. The time before and after TOM was distinguished as ± n wk relative to TOM = 0. Healthy cows were paired with either a SM or CM cow and the TOM for each H cow was equal to the TOM for its paired SM or CM cow. Data from wk −1 and −2 relative to TOM were analyzed for group WK0 and EL, respectively. For all parameters, SM cows did not differ from H cows from either group. The CM cows had higher nonesterified fatty acid levels and a tendency toward higher β-hydroxybutyrate levels than H cows before mastitis for both groups. For group WK0, glucose was higher −1 wk relative to calving in CM than H cows. For group EL, aspartate aminotransferase was higher −2 wk relative to mastitis in CM than H cows during 8 to 90 DIM. All other variables were similar among CM, SM, and H cows for both groups. Our results indicate that substances in blood, especially nonesterified fatty acids and aspartate aminotransferase, may be potential markers for the risk of mastitis in early lactation.
Veterinary Journal, 2004
The objective of this study was to determine whether there were differences in metabolic parameters and blood leukocyte profiles between cows in herds with high or low yearly mastitis incidence. In this study, 271 cows from 20 high yielding dairy herds were examined. According to the selection criteria, all herds had low somatic cell counts. Ten of the selected herds represented low mastitis treatment incidence (LMI) and ten herds had high mastitis treatment incidence (HMI). The farms were visited once and blood samples were taken from each cow that was in the interval from three weeks before to 15 weeks after parturition.The eosinophil count was significantly lower among cows from the HMI herds in the period from four weeks to 15 weeks after parturition. The plasma concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, insulin and urea did not differ between groups, but the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids was significantly higher among HMI cows during the period three weeks after parturition. The concentration of the amino acid tryptophan in plasma was significantly lower among the HMI cows prior to parturition. Glutamine was significantly lower in cows from HMI herds during the first three weeks after parturition. Arginine was consistently lower in HMI cows, although the decrease was only significant during the period from four to fifteen weeks after parturition. The results suggest that there were differences in the metabolism and immune status between herds with high or low yearly mastitis treatment incidence indicating an increased metabolic stress in HMI cows.
Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 2015
Background: This study examined whether activation of innate immunity and alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism precede development of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Methods: Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein from 100 Holstein dairy cows at-8,-4, disease diagnosis week, and +4 weeks postpartum. Six healthy cows (controls-CON) and six cows that showed clinical signs of SCM were selected for serum analyses. All serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA); proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and serum lactate, BHBA, and NEFA concentration. Data of DMI, milk production, and milk composition were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results showed that cows with SCM had greater concentrations of SAA, TNF (P < 0.01), and lactate before expected day of parturition (P < 0.05) compared to CON cows. Cows with SCM showed greater concentrations of lactate starting at-8 weeks (P < 0.05) and TNF starting at-4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition (P < 0.01). Interestingly, at-4 weeks, concentrations of IL-1 and Hp were lower in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows (P < 0.01) followed by an increase during the week of disease diagnosis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis was associated with lower DMI, at-4 weeks before calving, milk production (P < 0.05) and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that SCM is preceded by activated innate immunity and altered carbohydrate metabolism in transition dairy cows. Moreover the results support the idea that Hp, lactate, and SAA, at-8 weeks, and TNF and IL-1 at-4 weeks can be used as early indicators to screen cows during dry off for disease state.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2020
Infections of the mammary gland in dairy cows are commonly accompanied by reduced milk production and feed intake and poor milk quality. The metabolic status of early-lactating cows is known to affect immune response to pathogens and imposed immune challenges. We investigated the extent to which metabolic status before an intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (LPS-CH) is associated with immune response, milk production, and feed intake and the recovery thereof. In 15 Holstein cows, weekly blood sampling and daily recording of dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and body weight (to calculate energy balance) was started immediately after parturition. In wk 4 after parturition, cows underwent an intramammary LPS-CH (50 μg of LPS into 1 quarter). Blood and milk samples were taken in parallel at 30-and 60-min intervals, respectively, until 10 h after the LPS application. Plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cortisol, and insulin were analyzed. In milk, serum albumin, IgG concentration, somatic cell count (SCC), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were determined. Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded for an additional 6 d. Milk of the LPS-treated quarter was sampled at every milking for 8 d after the challenge. Based on plasma glucose concentrations in wk 1 to 4 after parturition before the LPS-CH, cows were retrospectively grouped into a high-glucose group (HG; 3.34-3.93 mmol/L, n = 7) and a low-glucose group (LG; 2.87-3.31 mmol/L, n = 8). Data were evaluated using mixed models with time, group, and time × group interaction as fixed effects and cow as repeated subject. Glucose was lower and BHB was higher in LG compared with HG before LPS-CH, whereas dry matter intake, energy balance, and SCC did not differ. During LPS-CH, SCC and LDH increased similarly in HG and LG, body temperature increased less in HG, and BHB and nonesterified fatty acids were higher in LG compared with HG. Dry matter intake declined in both groups during the day of the LPS-CH but recovered to prechallenge values faster in HG. Milk yield recovered within 2 d after the LPS-CH with no differences in morning milkings, whereas evening milk yield increased faster in HG. During 8 d after LPS-CH, SCC, LDH, IgG, and serum albumin in milk were lower in HG compared with LG. In conclusion, the level of circulating glucose and BHB concentrations in cows was associated with metabolic responses during an LPS-CH as well as the recovery of udder health and performance thereafter.
Functional & Integrative Genomics, 2011
Cows experiencing severe postpartal negative energy balance (NEB) are at greater risk of developing mastitis than cows in positive energy balance (PEB). Our objectives were to compare mammary tissue gene expression profiles between lactating cows (n=5/treatment) subjected to feed restriction to induce NEB and cows fed ad libitum to maintain PEB in order to identify genes involved in immune response and cellular metabolism that may predispose cows to an intramammary infection in non-infected mammary gland. The NEB cows were feedrestricted to 60% of calculated net energy for lactation requirements, and cows fed PEB cows were fed the same diet ad libitum. At 5 days after feed restriction, one rear mammary gland from all cows was biopsied for RNA extraction and transcript profiling using microarray and quantitative PCR. Energy balance (NEB vs. PEB) resulted in 278 differentially expressed genes (DEG). Among upregulated DEG (n=180), Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® identified lipid metabolism (8) and molecular transport (14) as some of the most enriched molecular functions. Genes down-regulated by NEB (98) were associated with cell growth and proliferation (21) and cell death . Results indicate that DEG due to NEB in mid-lactation were associated with numerous biological functions but we did not identify genes that could, a priori, be associated with risk of intramammary infection in non-infected mammary glands. Further studies with early postpartal cows are required.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2007
In a retrospective, case-controlled, observational study, associations among indices of negative energy balance, plasma lipid and lipid-soluble vitamin concentrations, plasma acute phase protein status, and occurrence of a new subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) during the periparturient period were determined. Cows were paired based on breed and expected parturition date (EPD) and monitored from the cessation of lactation through wk 8 of the subsequent lactation. A cow was identified as developing a new IMI if the intramammary pathogen isolated postpartum differed from that isolated in wk −9 (relative to EPD). Mean body condition score (BCS) of cows at wk −9 was 3.71 ± 0.12. Fifteen Holstein and 15 Jersey dairy cows met the study selection criteria. Cows with a new IMI had greater body condition score, body weight, and body weight loss compared with cows that did not develop a new IMI. Prepartum plasma concentrations of β-carotene were greater for Jersey cows with a new IMI compared with Jersey cows without a new IMI and Holstein cows, regardless of IMI status. However, there was a significant delay in recovery of plasma concentrations of β-carotene postpartum for Jersey cows with a new IMI compared with Jersey cows without a new IMI. Plasma α-tocopherol, albumin, and retinol binding protein concentrations were greater during the periparturient period for cows without a new IMI. Plasma haptoglobin was increased at wk 1 postpartum for cows without a new IMI. Milk protein and lactose percentages and milk urea N were decreased and somatic cell counts were increased in cows identified with a new IMI compared with cows that did not develop a new IMI. Dairy 5097 cows with greater tissue energy stores prepartum and reduced plasma proteins, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol had a greater risk for developing a new IMI during the periparturient period.
Serum Metabolic Parameters in Healthy and Subclinical Mastitis Cows
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Veterinary Medicine, 2010
Subclinical mastitis continues to be the most frequent and expensive disease of dairy cows. It negatively affects the quality of milk and economic effectiveness of farms. The purpose of the study was to identify changes that occure in some serum metabolic parameters (total protein, serum albumin, serum globulin, ALP, ASAT, GGT, CK) in healthy and subclinical mastitis cows. First objective was to diagnose subclinical mastitis using the indicator of mastitis Waikato and determining the number of somatic cells in milk using the MT-04. Following tests carried out on the 84 lactating cows, 10 of them had a positive diagnosis, representing 12% of the total lactating cows. For the 10 cows, positive diagnosis was confirmed by the increased number of somatic cells present in milk. Thus, values obtained were between 500.000 and 1.5 million cells/ml. In healthy cows, somatic cell count has not exceeded the value of 270.000 cells/ml. Total serum protein (9.14±2.74 g/dl) values and serum globuli...
Endocrine aspects in pathogenesis of mastitis in postpartum dairy cows
Animal Reproduction Science, 2004
In well-managed dairy herds some environmental pathogens including Gram-negative (GN) strains (E. coli and others) have been recognized recently as the predominant causative microbes of mastitis in the peri-parturient period. In early weeks of lactation hyperketonaemia may predispose the high-producing cows for GN mastitis. In GN mastitis cytokines, eicosanoids and oxygen radicals are released, which are responsible for the local and systemic symptoms. Experimental administration of endotoxin induces a complex endocrine cascade. Similar changes in plasma levels of cortisol, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and thyroid hormones are seen also in severe cases of GN mastitis. However, leptin is not responsible for the anorexia associated with severe mastitis in ruminants. Mastitis can postpone the resumption of ovarian cyclic activity in dairy cows when its outbreak occurs between days 15 and 28 after calving (at the expected time of first ovulation). In cyclic cows severe cases of GN mastitis can induce premature luteolysis or prolong the follicular phase.
Fresh cow mastitis monitoring on day 3 postpartum and its relationship to subsequent milk production
Journal of dairy science, 2010
The purpose was to determine the association of milk California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cell concentration (SCC), and milk differential cell count results on day 3 postcalving with subsequent lactation production and health events. On d 3 postcalving, the CMT was performed and quarter milk samples were collected from 130 dairy cows. Quarter SCC and milk differential cell counts were determined. Microbiology on duplicate quarter milk samples was used to determine the presence of intramammary infection by major or minor pathogens. Production measures obtained using Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing were 150-d standardized and summit milks. Milk culture results on a cow basis included 82 (63.1%) samples with no growth, 31 (23.9%) with major pathogens, and 17 (13.1%) with minor pathogens. Milk culture results comparing cows with no growth to those with any growth (major or minor pathogens) were not associated with statistically significant differences in milk production. M...