Controls on groundwater chemical quality in Semnan aquifer, central Iran (original) (raw)
Related papers
Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 2018
Hydrochemistry of groundwater is considered as an appropriate guide to recognize the occurred reactions in aquifers and water sources. In the present study, composite diagrams, saturation indices (SI), and statistic parameters were used as a tool to interpret groundwater chemistry (SICalcite 0.16 to 1.19; SIDolomite 0.10 to 1.0, SIGypsum-2.35 to-1.74; SIHalite-8.86 to-7.5; SIAragonite 0.02 to 1.04; SIAnhydrite-2.57 to-1.96). According to composite diagrams, factors like dissolution, weathering of silicates and carbonate formations were determined as the most effective ones on chemical compounds of the groundwater in the area. Moreover, calculation of the saturation indices for the samples revealed that ions like calcite, dolomite, and aragonite were in the super-saturated mood while inertia, gypsum, and halite were in the under-saturated mood. The total density of soluble ions (TDI) versus the density of anions showed that as the TDI density increased the density of bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium linearly. However, potassium remained unchanged. Statistic parameters in the Pearson correlation proved that the electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) had the highest correlation. Moreover, there was a high correlation between the EC, TDS, and total hardness with HCO3. The first, second and third components with more than 70% variability justified statistic population in the principal component analysis method, revealing that the first factor was determined as the most effective factor on the groundwater of the region. This factor included a set of dissolution, sedimentation and ionic exchange.
The chemical evolution of groundwater in the Kerman plain aquifer, Iran
International Journal of Water, 2013
A comprehensive hydrogeochemical study was carried out in the Kerman Plain Aquifer, Iran. Groundwater samples were collected from 58 sites. Groundwater was analysed for major constituents (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl-, SO 4 2-HCO 3-. Different methods including composite diagrams, saturation indices and multivariate statistical methods were employed in assessing groundwater quality. The results show that the main hydrochemical facies of the aquifer (Na + , K +-Cl-SO 4 2-) represents 73% of the total wells. Calcite, dolomite, and gypsum solubilities were assessed in terms of the saturation index indicating supersaturation with respect to calcite and dolomite and undersaturation with respect to gypsum. Groundwater samples were classified into three distinctive groups using cluster analysis. The results of factor analysis indicate that four factors explain about 88.9% of the total sample variance. The variables underlying the first and the most important factor are mainly controlled by halite dissolution. Dissolution of gypsum is the second important source of salinity.
We demonstrate here a powerful approach of statistical methods to understand the relationship between various parameters. In addition to the common procedures to interpret the hydrogeochemical dataset, the principal component analysis has been used in order to identify the pattern existing in the hydrogeochemical dataset. The result has revealed that the groundwater is alkaline, brackish, very hard and unsuitable for irrigation. The obtained results from the principal component analysis also has described that three principal components are controlling the chemical characteristics of groundwater in the studied area, which account 72.70% of the total variance in the dataset. The fi rst principal component is described by Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, SO4 2 -and CN and the second principal component is represented by TDS, EC, SO4 2-,Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+. In addition the third principal component is described by CN, Phenol and COD. The fi rst principal component emphasize on both geogenic and anthropogenic sources of the elements in the groundwater. However, the second principal component implies on the geogenic activities as the only factor controlling the concentration of the elements in the groundwater. Out of three principal components, the last component containing two organic component (CN and phenol) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) is revealing to the contamination of the groundwater resources via anthropogenic activities concentrated in the present study area. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of, the principal component analysis in evaluating the hydrochemical processes of any other area.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research
This study aims to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of aquifers in Fars province, Iran, from 2007 to 2017 and assess the groundwater’s suitability for drinking and agricultural uses. A total of 35,000 samples were collected from wells and qanats across the province. Piper, Gibbs, and Durov diagrams were used to assess the hydrochemical facies and processes. Cross plots of different ions were investigated to assess ion exchange and determine the effects of anthropogenic activities, as well as the weathering and dissolution of different rocks and minerals in the aquifers. Groundwater quality and suitability for agricultural and drinking purposes were also assessed using physicochemical parameters including pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), and calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride concentrations. Suitability for domestic purposes was assessed by comparing these values with the WHO standards. Sodium an...
The hydrochemical assessment of groundwater resources in the Kadkan basin, Northeast of Iran
Carbonates and Evaporites, 2015
Hydrochemical investigations were carried out in the Kadkan area, northeastern Iran, to assess the chemical composition of groundwater. A total of 131 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. The domination of cations and anions was in the order of Na ? [ Ca 2? [ Mg 2? [ K ? for cations and Cl-[ SO 4 2-[ HCO 3-[ CO 3 2in anions. The groundwater is under-saturated with respect to anhydrate, aragonite, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, and CO 2. In this investigation, multivariate statistical techniques were used to identify and understand hydrochemical association and processes leading to the variability of groundwater quality. Factor analysis was applied to all groundwater samples and 11 variables. This analysis revealed that three main factors affecting the groundwater chemistry can be distinguished in this plain. Factor 1 includes the major ions in aqueous solution and accounts for 51.68 % of the total variance. Factor 2 accounts for 15.39 % of total variance and includes the parameters pH, Ca, and CO 3 in the plain, suggesting that the geology of some parts of the area is primarily limestone. Factor 3 includes the parameters Mg and HCO 3 and accounts for 11.63 % of the total variance. These parameters have a geological source. The hydrochemical processes of groundwater in the Kadkan aquifer are mainly influenced by the major ions, degree of dissolution of NaCl-bearing minerals, and geology.
Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research (JAEHR), 2021
Background: The physicochemical composition of groundwater is affected by the quantity and quality of surrounding aquifers which are in turn recharging from adjacent river waters. Methods: In the present study, 20 surface and 16 groundwater samples were collected in pre- and post-monsoon season from the Jajrood River basin, Tehran, Iran. The samples were analyzed for 18 physicochemical water quality characteristics to assess the river and groundwater qualities. Hydrogeochemical analyses of groundwater samples were also performed to determine the Water Quality Index (WQI) for drinking and evaluate factors governing the water quality characteristic in the study area. Accordingly, the Piper diagram and Gibbs and Chadha plots were drawn to assess seasonal variations in hydrochemical facies and processes in the basin. Subsurface soil samples were also examined with respect to the structure, elemental composition, and multi-elemental trace analysis. Results: Results showed the abundance of major ions in the order of Ca+2 >Na+>Mg+2>K+ for cations and HCO3- >SO42- >Cl- >NO3- >F- for anions. In general, all drinking groundwater samples met WHO permissible limits except for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and HCO3-. Moreover, the water is categorized as Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. Subsurface soil analyses demonstrated quartz and calcium carbonate as the main phases of soil structure, suggesting the enrichment of groundwater with temporary hardness. Conclusion: Overall, the groundwater quality was suitable for drinking and agricultural activities.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2011
The Harzandat plain is part of the East Azerbaijan province, which lies between Marand and Jolfa cities, northwestern of Iran, and its groundwater resources are developed for water supply and irrigation purposes. The main lithologic units consist chiefly of limestone, dolomite, shale, conglomerate, marl, and igneous rocks. In order to evaluate the quality of groundwater in study area, 36 samples were collected and analyzed for various ions. Chemical indexes like sodium adsorption ratio, percentage of sodium, residual sodium carbonate, and permeability index were calculated. Based on the analytical results, groundwater in the area is generally very hard, brackish, high to very high saline and alkaline in nature. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Cl − >HCO − 3 >SO 2− 4 and Na + >Ca 2+ >Mg 2+ >K + . The dominant hydrochemical facieses of groundwater is Na − Cl type, and alkalis (Na + , K + ) and strong acids (Cl − , SO 2− 4 ) are slightly dominating over alkali earths (Ca 2+ , N. Aghazadeh (B) Mg 2+ ) and weak acids (HCO − 3 , CO 2− 3 ). The chemical quality of groundwater is related to the dissolution of minerals, ion exchange, and the residence time of the groundwater in contact with rock materials. The results of calculation saturation index by computer program PHREEQC shows that nearly all of the water samples were supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite and aragonite) and undersaturated with respect to sulfate minerals (gypsum and anhydrite). Assessment of water samples from various methods indicated that groundwater in study area is chemically unsuitable for drinking and agricultural uses.
Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2018
The suitability of rural groundwater quality for drinking purposes were investigated in the north west of Iran. Major anions, cations and heavy metals were measured in 39 water wells during the summer and spring seasons. The spatial distribution of major parameters and hydro-chemical faces were described by developing GIS-based maps and Piper and Gibbs diagrams. According to the results, the EC values were in the range of 461 and 2600 μs/cm with the hardness contents between 220 and 720 mg/L as CaCO 3. It was found that, the total hardness is highly correlated with the magnesium concentration than calcium in all samples. The dominant cations and anions were in the order of Mg 2+ > Na + > Ca 2+ > K + and HCO 3-> SO 4 2-> Cl-> NO 3-> F-, respectively. The major water types in the area were fresh (Ca-HCO 3) and saline (Ca-Mg-Cl). Based on Gibbs plot, the main mechanisms controlling groundwater chemistry were rainfall dominance, rock weathering dominance, and evaporationparticipation dominance. The lower quality of water resources sited in the southern and northern parts of the area was observed according to the GIS maps. It was found that
Journal of Water and Land Development, 2019
Based on chemical analyses, the quality of ground waters for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes was determined in Rafsanjan Plain-Iran. Samples for analyses were taken from 22 wells in 2012. Because of high water hardness and total dissolved solids content, water was found to be unsuitable for drinking purposes. Water quality for agriculture was determined with the use of the Wilcox method. Among the analysed water, 10.33% were attributed to C3-S1 class (high electrolytic conductivity and low sodium adsorption ratio), 59.5% to class C4-S1 (very high EC and low SAR) and 30.17% to class C4-S2 (very high EC and medium SAR). 89.67% of studied wells were unsuitable for agriculture. Because of corrosive water properties all but two wells on Rafsanjan Plain were undesirable for use in the industry. The results of qualitative analyses were presented in GIS and in databases to support making decision and management of groundwater on Rafsanjan Plain.
Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry, 2014
The Janah alluvial aquifer is located in southern Iran with an arid climate. The type of groundwater in this aquifer is dominantly of sodium chloride and total dissolved solid of groundwater samples range from 1.63 to 335 g/L which confirms that groundwater quality has been severely degraded by salinization. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigations were conducted to identify the source of salinity. Total dissolved solids and major ion concentrations were measured at 51 selected sampling sites including springs, wells and surface waters. In addition stable isotopic composition (oxygen-18 and deuterium) was measured in 6 sampling points. The study indicates that the sources of salinity of the Janah aquifer include dissolution of salt diapir and evaporite rocks, a geothermal spring and intrusion of the river water which function individually or together in different parts of the aquifer. Based on the hydrogeochemical and geological studies conceptual flow models were prepared for different parts of the aquifer which illustrate how each source of salinity deteriorates the quality of the alluvial aquifer. We proposed few remediation methods including construction of cemented channel and sealed basins to improve groundwater quality. These methods would prevent infiltration of low quality water into the alluvial aquifer.