Anemia and iron deficiency in pregnant Ghanaian women from urban areas (original) (raw)
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The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among pregnant Ghanaian women, a longitudinal study
PLOS ONE
Background Gestational iron deficiency (ID) can be deleterious to mother and fetus. However, iron status is not routinely measured during pregnancy in Ghana. Therefore, the scope of ID in this population is unknown. Objective To determine the prevalence of anemia and ID across pregnancy in the Central Region of Ghana. Methods Women were recruited during their 1st trimester of pregnancy (< 13 weeks; n = 116) and followed through to their 2nd (n = 71) and 3rd (n = 71) trimesters. Data on socio-demographic variables, weekly intake of iron-rich foods and vitamin C-rich fruits were collected. Blood samples were drawn and the concentrations of hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin (Ft), serum iron (sFe), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), were measured; transferrin saturation (TSAT) was calculated. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine change in anemia and iron variables over time with groups categorized by 1st trimester iron status. Results Participants were 27.1 ± 5.2 years, on average....
Iron Deficiency among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at the KNUST Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 2015
Background: Pregnant women constitute a high risk group for iron deficiency due to increased iron requirements for foetal and maternal tissues growth. This study sought to find out the prevalence of iron deficiency among Ghanaian pregnant women obtaining antenatal care at the University hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. Methods: The study was conducted between January and May, 2013. A total of 180 women, 150 at various stages of pregnancy and 30 non-pregnant women as control group were recruited for the study. Information on socio-demographic characteristics was obtained from the subjects by means of face-to-face interviews. Using venous blood samples, iron status of subjects was Obirikorang et al.; BJMMR, 6(8): 823-832, 2015; Article no.BJMMR.2015.256 824 assessed by the determination of haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean cell volume, red cell distribution width, serum ferritin, serum iron, serum transferrin, total iron binding capacity, unoccupied iron binding capacity and percentage saturation of transferrin. Intestinal helminthic infestation was determined by stool examination. Results: Decreasing levels of haemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin, Total iron binding capacity and increasing levels of Mean cell volume and RDW-SD were observed as pregnancy advanced. None of the subjects had helminthic infestation. Anaemia, iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) were present in 44.0%, 21.5% and 10.4% of the pregnant women, respectively. These prevalence rates increased as pregnancy advanced to term (15.2%, 51.2%, 56.0% for anaemia; 13.8%, 22.9%, 26.1% for ID and 0%, 12.0%, 17.4% for IDA, respectively for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters). Conclusions: In spite of iron supplementation in pregnancy, a high percentage of the pregnant women are iron deficient and/or anaemic and this remains a public health problem.
Background Anaemia during pregnancy could cause adverse outcomes to the woman and the foetus, including anaemic heart failure, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation. Iron deficiency is the leading cause of anaemia and oral iron supplementation during pregnancy is widely recommended. However, little focus is directed to dietary intake. This study estimates the contribution of iron deficiency among anaemic pregnant women and examines risk factors including dietary risk factors for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in pregnant women with moderate or severe anaemia in Lagos and Kano states, Nigeria.Methods In this cross-sectional study, 11,582 women were screened for anaemia at 20–32 weeks gestation. The 872 who had moderate or severe anaemia (haemoglobin concentration < 10g/dL) were included in this study. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin level < 30ng/mL. We described the sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of the sample and their self-report of con...
PLOS ONE, 2021
Background Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is reportedly high in pregnant adults and the causes well studied. However, among pregnant teenagers, the levels and associated factors of IDA are not fully understood. Methods In a prospective cohort study among Ghanaian pregnant teenagers, aged 13–19 years, IDA prevalence and associated factors were investigated. Sociodemographic data, household hunger scale (HHS), lived poverty index (LPI), FAO’s women’s dietary diversity score (WDDS) and interventions received during antenatal care (ANC) were obtained from 416 pregnant teenagers in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Micronutrient intakes using a repeated 24-hour dietary recall, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were determined and blood samples analysed for haemoglobin (Hb), serum levels of ferritin, prealbumin, vitamin A, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP). Results Anaemia (Hb cutoff <11.0 g/dL) was 57.1%; deficient systemic supply of ir...
Association between iron supplementation and anaemia in pregnant women in Ghana
Nutrition & Food Science © Emerald Publishing Limited, 2021
Purpose-The purpose of the study was to assess the association between iron intake and the incidence of anaemia during pregnancy as well as estimate the prevalence and magnitude of anaemia in pregnancy. Design/methodology/approach-A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 383 postnatal women at four health-care facilities. Data on iron supplementation and haemoglobin (Hb) levels during pregnancy was collected from the respondents. Spearman, Pearson Chi-square tests of independence were used to measure associations between variables, a log-linear model was adopted to ascertain the association and level of interaction among variables. All p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Findings-Results show 54.3% prevalence of anaemia at registration and 33.6% at 36 weeks of pregnancy, p < 0.001. Iron supplement intake during pregnancy was 96.3%. The log-linear analysis model retained the Parity  Marital Status interaction across the levels of anaemia (p < 0.001). Compared to married pregnant women, single pregnant women were almost equally likely to be anaemic (OR = 1.06). Research limitations/implications-One of the limitations of retrospective studies is recall bias; however, this was likely to be minimal, as participants were approached within 8 days after delivery. Despite this, this study still holds promise as it reports a rather high prevalence of anaemia at 36 weeks even with the high intake of iron. Originality/value-Anaemia in pregnancy is a major public health issue because of the consequential outcomes on maternal and child health. The study identified a high prevalence of anaemia at registration; which could be the basis for intensifying pre-natal iron supplementation before pregnancy.
PLOS ONE
Anaemia in pregnancy is a major health problem and an important cause of adverse foetomaternal outcomes in developing countries. Iron deficiency is the cause of the overwhelming majority of the cases of anaemia in pregnancy. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) has been linked with adverse foetal and maternal outcomes. This study investigated the prevalence of IDA and evaluated its effects on foetomaternal outcomes among parturients in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 220 women aged 15-49 years with singleton gestation at term, between May 1, 2016, and March 31, 2017. Participants were selected by systematic sampling and baseline data were collected through interviews. Venous blood samples were obtained to measure haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations, and the associations between IDA (defined as anaemia and iron deficiency) and pregnancy outcomes were examined. A P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The prevalence of IDA was 12.3%. Routine antenatal iron supplementation (adjusted odds ratio 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.46; P = 0.001) and interpregnancy interval of at least 2 years (adjusted odds ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.97; P = 0.021) have significant association with IDA. Iron deficiency anaemia was not significantly associated with adverse perinatal outcomes but there were significant associations with increased risk of blood transfusion (P = 0.001) and maternal infectious morbidities such as puerperal pyrexia (P = 0.041) and wound infection (P = 0.020). IDA is still a fairly common condition among parturients in Lagos and it's mostly associated with maternal peripartum morbidities. Adequate pregnancy spacing through the use of effective contraception and routine antenatal iron supplementations in pregnancy is a recommended preventive measure against IDA and its adverse sequelae. Future studies should adopt the use of transferrin saturation (TSAT) in compliment with serum ferritin assay as a more sensitive marker of iron deficiency.
Archives of Medicine, 2021
Background: Anemia is defined as reduction in red cell mass which, will decreases oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells to tissues that can be determined in the laboratory by reduction in haemoglobin concentration (haemoglobin level of less than 11 gm/dl) or haematocrit value is less than 33%. Anemia in pregnant women is often caused by iron deficiency, which is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world, affecting more than two billion people globally. Inadequate intake or absorption of iron conjunction with blood loss during pregnancy may contribute to anemia. Iron deficiency and consequent anemia during pregnancy could be associated with severe complication like increase risks of maternal mortality and morbidity, premature delivery and low birth weight. In pregnant women, an adequate iron status is important to ensure a complication related to pregnancy as well as a normal development of the embryo, foetus and maturity of the new born child. Objectives: To assess the ...
Predictors of Anaemia prevalence among pregnant women in urban Ghana: a cross-sectional study
2019
Background Anaemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern. Despite its wide scope and adverse effects including increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, and long-term adverse effects in the new born, extensive interventions using upstream approaches to public health have largely not been implemented. This study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of anaemia in pregnant women in four health facilities in the Kwabre East Municipality of Ghana.Method A cross-sectional survey with a two-stage sampling technique was conducted on 220 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at the selected health facilities. Interview-based structured questionnaires were used. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors.Results The prevalence of anaemia was 11.4%. Few women (25) were anaemic and morphologically, 14 had normocytic normochromic (56%) anemia and 9 had Microcytic hypochromic (36) anaemia. Iron deficiency was repo...
Determinants of anemia among pregnant women in northern Ghana
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), 2019
Anemia is a global public health issue affecting half of all pregnant women in developing countries. In 2014, 42% of Ghanaian pregnant women aged 15-49 years were anemic (<11.0g/dl) but information on the determinants of anemia, particularly dietary diversity during the critical third trimester of pregnancy is limited. We assessed the association between determinants and anemia among pregnant women in northern Ghana. We employed a cross-sectional design involving 624 pregnant women (≥20 weeks of gestation) attending four antenatal care (ANC) health facilities ~25 kilometres north of Tamale, Ghana between July and August 2017. Hemoglobin concentration (measured using Hemocue HB 301) was classified as severe, moderate, or mild. Other data included socio-demographic characteristics, malaria prevention, deworming, and iron/folate tablet use. The FAO Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD-W) metric was used to categorize women into "inadequate" (MDD-W <5 food groups) and "adequate" (MDD-W ≥5). Logistic regression models were used to determine the association between moderate/severe anemia (Hb<9.0g/dl) and mild anemia (9.0-10.9g/dl), or with 'no anemia' (≥11.0g/dl) using STATA 14 software. Of 624 women sampled, hemoglobin data were available for 601. The mean age was 27.81±0.25 years, gestational age was 31.93±0.13 weeks, ANC attendance was 3.89±0.07; Hb concentration was 9.73g/dl±0.07, and MDD-W index for ten food groups was 5.33±0.04. Anemia (Hb<11.0g/dl) was observed in 74.8% of women (moderate/severe anemia=33.4% and mild anemia=41.4%). Using adjusted logistic regression, women who received deworming medication had lesser odds of being moderate/severe anemic (aOR=0.51, P=0.021). While women who were engaged in other occupation (herdsmen) and no previous parity had higher odds of being moderate/severe anemic (aOR=2.90, P=0.042) and (aOR=2.13, P=0.004) respectively. Moderate/severe anemia was not statistically associated with MDD-W, nor with socioeconomic status/wealth index. Conclusion, anemia in made available for use under a CC0 license.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia among Pregnant Women in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria
Iosr Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2013
Iron is a component of a number of proteins including haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes and enzymes involved in redox reactions. Inadequate iron intake can lead to varying degrees of deficiency, from low iron stores to early iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anaemia and this is dangerous to both baby and mother. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Calabar, Cross River State Nigeria. Seventy pregnant women within the age range of 15-45 years from University of Calabar Teaching Hospital were recruited as subjects in this study. The control consisted of fifty age-matched apparently healthy non-pregnant women. The tests that were carried out using standard method include include full blood count (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration and red cell count), serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation,serum ferritin and soluble transferrin recptor. The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) among pregnant women(20.0%, 15.7%) when compared to non-pregnant women. The mean haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation were significantly reduced (p<0.01) in pregnant than non-pregnant women while total iron binding capacity and soluble transferrin receptor significantly (p<0.01) increased in pregnant than nonpregnant. It was also shown that pregnant women in their third trimesters and multigravidae had the highest prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia while pregnant women in their second trimester had the highest prevalence of anaemia. In conclusion the study has shown that the prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in the studied area were still high and can be considered public health problem.