Effect of Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae) leaves extract on the formation of β-hematin and evaluation of in vitro antimalarial activity (original) (raw)
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Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Malaria is a life threatening infectious disease that has affected economic development in many parts of the world. Although preventable, malaria has claimed the lives of thousands of individuals in endemic African countries. Antimalarial drug resistance, lack of vaccines in clinical use as well as complexities of malaria parasite genomes remains a serious threat to malaria eradication efforts. The search for antimalarials from plant sources has yield significant success in drug discovery approaches. The specific objective of this study is to establish the acute toxic effect and antiplasmodial efficacy of crude methanolic leaf extract of Senna occidentalis in an in vivo assay. The four (4) days suppressive test was used in Swiss mice experimentally infected with chloroquine sensitive (CQS) Plasmodium berghei (ANKA). Results obtained revealed no lethality nor any sign of acute toxic reactions following the administration of 2000 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Percent reduction of ...
BioMed Research International
Background. Emergence of Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs presents a major drawback in efforts to control malaria. To address this problem, there is an urgent and continuous need for the development of new and effective antimalarial agents. Senna occidentalis (L.) link extract has exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity in many pharmacological studies. To our knowledge, data on its in vivo antimalarial efficacy is still very limited. A recent study demonstrated that polar extracts from the plant roots inhibit Plasmodium berghei proliferation in a mouse model. This study further describes the efficacy and safety of a methanolic root extract of the plant as an antimalarial agent by demonstrating its effect on hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters of Plasmodium berghei-infected BALB/c mice. Methods. Rane’s test, a curative approach, was used to evaluate the antimalarial efficacy of Senna occidentalis methanolic root extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected...
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice
Background: Senna occidentalis (L.) Link has been used worldwide in traditional treatment of many diseases and conditions including snakebite. In Kenya, a decoction from the plant roots taken orally, is used as a cure for malaria. Leaf extracts from the plant have been shown to possess antiplasmodial activity, in vitro. However, the curative potency of the plant root against established malaria infection is yet to be scientifically validated, in vivo. On the other hand, there are reports on variation in bioactivity of extracts obtained from this plant species, depending on the plant part used and place of origin among other factors. In this study, we demonstrated the antiplasmodial potency of Senna occidentalis roots extract in vitro, and in mice.Methods: Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane and water extracts of S. occidentalis root were tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, strain 3D7. Cytotoxicity of the most active solvent extracts was...
Research Journal of Zoology, 2018
Malaria is a major public health problem in the world, but treatment of malaria is becoming more difficult due to increasing drug resistance and high cost of antimalaria. This study investigated the antiplasmodial effects of leaves extract of Azadirachta indica, Senna occidentalis and standard antimalaria using RPMI 1640 culture media (in vitro). Parasite density was determined by counting the number of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocyte in 5,000 erythrocytes of the culture, thin blood smear were prepared and stained with Giemsa stain. Varying concentrations of the extracts such as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 mg/mL were prepared, the effect of the leaves extracts against the growth of schizonts were dose dependant. A.indica showed highest growth inhibition (96.92%) at 70m g/mL. However, the schizonts were found to be inhibited by the leaves extract of S. occidetalis at the highest concentration (100 mg/mL) with growth inhibition of 98.46%, there was no significant difference in the anti-malaria efficacy among the leave extracts and standard antimalaria drug (p<0.05) at 100 mg/mL. The results of phytochemical screening indicated A.indica and S. occidentalis contain Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Saponins glycocides, Steroids and Terpenoids. The result of acute toxicity tested on rats indicates that the LD50 is greater than 3000 mg/kg body weight. The result of the study showed that Azadirachta indica and Senna occidentalis contain pharmacologically active compounds, hence they are potential antimalaria and safe to use at high dose.
International Journal of Zoology Studies, 2019
This study investigated the antiplasmodial effects of leaves extract of Azadirachta indica, Senna occidentalis and Combination therapy of both plans extracts using RPMI 1640 culture media (In vitro). Parasite density was determined by counting the number of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocyte in 5,000 erythrocytes of the culture, thin blood smear were prepared and stained with Giemsa stain. Varying concentrations of the extracts such as 10, 20, to 100 mg/mL were prepared, the effect of the leaves extracts against the growth of schizonts were dose dependant. A.indica showed highest growth inhibition (96.92%) at 70m g/mL. However, the schizonts were found to be inhibited by the leaves extract of S. occidentalis at the highest concentration (100 mg/mL) with growth inhibition of 98.46%, there was no significant difference in the anti-malaria efficacy among the leave extracts and the Combination therapy (p<0.05) at 100 mg/mL. The results of phytochemical screening indicated A.indica and S.occidentalis contain Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Saponins glycosides, Steroids and Terpenoids. The result of the study showed that Azadirachta indica and Senna occidentalis contain pharmacologically active compounds, hence they are potential antimalaria.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1986
Twenty-one compounds isolated from nine medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in the Sudan and other African countries were examined in vitro for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, the major human malaria parasite. Compounds tested include alkaloids, lignans, triterpenes, coumarins, limonoids and flavonoids. Most were relatively inactive; one limonoid, gedunin, had an ICsO value of about 1 PM after 48 h exposure (0.3 PM after 96 h), roughly equivalent to quinine. In this protocol, the flavonoid quercetin purified from Diosma pilosa was found to have the same activity as a commercially obtained preparation. Simple radiometric assays for antimalarial activity can thus be used to rapidly screen purified plant material or secondary plant metabolites. The high potency and efficacy of quinine and the Chinese herbal antimalarial quinghaosu (artemisinine) illustrate the merit of this approach.
Beta hematin inhibition: evaluating the mechanism of action of some selected antimalarial plants
ACTA Pharmaceutica Sciencia
There is paucity of information regarding the mechanism of action of medicinal plants with antimalarial activity. Thus, the mechanism of action of twenty antimalarial plants using the β-hematin inhibition assay was evaluated. Beta-hematin synthesis from bovine hemin in the presence of saturated acetate solution at a temperature of 60°C and pH 7.5 was initiated with a fixed concentration of 0.69 mg/ mL of chloroquine or methanol extracts of the selected plants. The fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of the six most active plant extracts/standard drug was determined using linear regression. Two of the plant extracts A. boonei and M. charantia (IC 50 = 0.09 ± 0.03 and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/mL), showed significant activity than chloroquine (0.36 ± 0.16 mg/ml. P<0.05) a potent β-hematin inhibitor. The β-haematin colorimetric assay is a reliable assay for determining the mechanism of action of medicinal plants that utilize the pathway.
Parasitology Research, 2016
The use of plant to meet health-care needs has greatly increased worldwide in the recent times. The search for new plant-derived bioactive agents that can be explored for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria infection is urgently needed. Thus, we evaluated the antimalarial activity of three medicinal plants used in Nigerian folklore for the treatment of malaria infection. A modified Peter's 4-day suppressive test was used to evaluate the antimalarial activity of the plant extracts in a mouse model of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Animals were treated with 250, 500, or 800 mg/kg of aqueous extract. It was observed that of all the three plants studied, Markhamia tomentosa showed the highest chemosuppression of parasites of 73 % followed by Polyalthia longifolia (53 %) at day 4. All the doses tested were well tolerated. Percentage suppression of parasite growth on day 4 post-infection ranged from 1 to 73 % in mice infected with P. berghei and treated with extracts when compared with chloroquine diphosphate, the standard reference drug which had a chemosuppression of 90 %. The percentage survival of mice that received extract ranged from 0 to 60 % (increased as the dose increases to 800 mg/kg). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds in all the three plants tested.
In vitro antimalarial activity of medicinal plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum
Parasitology Research, 2011
Malaria is a major global public health problem, and the alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drugs now available underline how important it is to discover new antimalarial compounds. In the present study, ten plants were extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol and tested for their antimalarial activity against chloroquine (CQ)-sensitive (3D7) and CQresistant (Dd2 and INDO) strains of Plasmodium falciparum in culture using the fluorescence-based SYBR Green assay. Plant extracts showed moderate to good antiparasitic effects. Promising antiplasmodial activity was found in the extracts from two plants, Phyllanthus emblica leaf 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) 3D7: 7.25 μg/mL (ethyl acetate extract), 3.125 μg/mL (methanol extract), and Syzygium aromaticum flower bud, IC 50 3D7:13 μg/mL, (ethyl acetate extract) and 6.25 μg/mL (methanol extract). Moderate activity (30-75 μg/mL) was found in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Abrus precatorius (seed) and Gloriosa superba (leaf); leaf ethyl acetate extracts of Annona squamosa and flower of Musa paradisiaca. The above mentioned plant extracts were also found to be active against CQ-resistant strains (Dd2 and INDO). Cytotoxicity study with P. emblica leaf and S. aromaticum flower bud, extracts showed good therapeutic indices. These results demonstrate that leaf ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of P. emblica and flower bud extract of S. aromaticum may serve as antimalarial agents even in their crude form. The isolation of compounds from P. emblica and S. aromaticum seems to be of special interest for further antimalarial studies.