Microcrystalline Cellulose from Jute Fiber: A Bright Prospect for Pharmaceutical Industry (original) (raw)
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Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose
Cellulose, 2011
Cellulose was extracted at a yield of 59.8% from jute fibres based on the formic acid/ peroxyformic acid process at an atmospheric pressure. The amounts of dissolved lignin and hemicelluloses were determined in the spent liquor. The results showed that the spent liquor contained 10.6% total sugars and 10.9% lignin (based on jute). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was further prepared from the jute cellulose based on the acid hydrolysis technique. A very high yield, 48-52.8% (based on the jute raw material) was obtained. The acid hydrolysate of cellulose contained 2.7% glucose and 0.2% xylose. The MCC samples obtained from two different conditions, one at a low acidity and the other at a high acidity, were characterized by means of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray detraction, Scanning Electron Micrograph, and Transmission Electron Micrograph techniques.
Cellulose is basically a simple linear chain that is the basic component of all plants and it is a natural homopolymer. Microcrystalline cellulose is actually partially pure depolymerized cellulose and it is obtained from the hydrolysis by mineral acids of lignin-free soft plant fiber. Although the main source of raw material for microcrystalline cellulose production is virgin soft or hardwood, jute sticks are quite useful as an alternative source of raw material. The percentages of jute stick moisture, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and ash have been determined by standard methods and these results are cellulose 38-42(%), lignin 22-26(%), pentosan 22(%) and fiber Length 0.8-1.0mm, respectively. The cellulose purity of BJRI Tossa jute stick is identified by FT-IR spectroscopy. The IR results of the MCC analysis indicated 3450.85cm-1 for the OH stretching vibration of all jute sticks' cellulose, 2911.41cm-1 is attributed to the C-H stretching vibration of polysaccharides, and 1655.45cm-1 for the bending mode of the absorbed water molecules. In thermogravimetry analysis, in the first phase, 50-110 o C is associated with moisture decomposition. The organic matter decomposition of jute stick MCC occurred in the range of 100-260 o C. At 450 o C, the remaining 1.22-1.37% of inorganic material ash was obtained. In this study, we have tried to find out the easiest way the release alpha-cellulose and MCC from jute sticks, which can be nicely applicable in various fields such as coatings, food, pharmaceuticals, adhesives, cosmetics, membranes, films, explosives, tobacco, and the textiles industry.
Isolation of microcrystalline alpha-cellulose from jute: A suitable and economical viable resource
GSC biological and pharmaceutical sciences, 2022
Cellulose is a natural linear chain homopolymer that is an abundant and common component in all plants. Partially pure depolymerized cellulose, known as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), is synthesized by mineral acids hydrolysis from αcellulose precursors obtained from fibrous plants such as jute. Virgin soft and hardwoods are used as the main source of cellulose for raw materials of MCC production. These can be replaced by jute fiber to a great extent as it is considered one of the most promising alternatives. A proximate analysis had been carried out to determine the percentage of cellulose, hemicellulose, fats, and lignin in cellulose by standard methods. The cellulose purity of BJRI Tossa Pat-8 (Robi-1) fiber is identified from FT-IR. The IR results of MCC analysis were indicated 3,337.40cm-1 for the moisture and 1656.45cm-1 for carboxyl groups. In thermogravimetry analysis, at the first phase, 20-95 o C is associated with moisture release. The oxidation of Tossa Pat-8 (Robi-1) MCC occurred in the range of 200-400 o C. The remaining 0.65% of inorganic materials ash, was obtained at 425oC. This study indicates the cost-effective isolation of MCC from Tossa Pat-8 (Robi-1) and that can be promisingly applicable in several fields such as coatings and membranes explosives, cellulose, textiles, adhesives, films, textiles, food and tobacco, films, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry, which needs further research.
Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)
BioResources, 2009
Cotton linters were hydrolyzed with different concentrations of HCl (2.5-15%) to prepare microcrystalline cellulose. Infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis were used to follow the effect of hydrolysis on the molecular structure of the produced microcrystalline cellulose. The loss in weight and the degree of polymerization of the produced hydrolyzed cotton linters were determined. Scanning electron microscope images and x-ray diffraction were also studied for more information about the crystallinity, fiber length, particle size, and shape of the produced microcrystalline cellulose. Water retention value and water absorption were estimated for the hydrolyzed cotton linters to explain the effect of hydrolysis on the amorphous and crystalline part of the hydrolyzed cotton linters. The obtained results showed that the crystallinity index of the hydrolyzed cotton increased by increasing acid concentration and then began to decrease at 15% HCl. Kinetic energy (calculated from thermogravimetric curves) of the hydrolyzed cellulose was higher than that of the untreated cotton linters, and at high acid concentration this activation energy began to decrease.
Structure and thermal properties of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from coconut husk fiber
2021
In this work, chemically treated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC-C) was extracted from coconut husk fiber. In order to extract hemicellulose, the sieved coconut husk fiber was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for dewaxing and acidified using sodium chlorite (NaClO2) to extract the residual lignin (bleaching process). The obtained lignin-free cellulose was then treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The characterizations used to equate the MCC-C with commercial grade microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) are solubility test, X-ray diffractogram (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD showed that the crystallinity of MCC and MCC-C increased significantly by 80.15% and 71.8% by chemical treatments. TGA found that the active removal of lignin-hemicelluloses and the thermal stability of the material were about 350–500°C and 300–500°C. The morphology of the fiber confirmed that there is an irregular cross-section, non-uniform surface, a larg...
Polimery, 2021
In this work, chemically treated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC-C) was extracted from coconut husk fiber. In order to extract hemicellulose, the sieved coconut husk fiber was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for dewaxing and acidified using sodium chlorite (NaClO 2) to extract the residual lignin (bleaching process). The obtained lignin-free cellulose was then treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The characterizations used to equate the MCC-C with commercial grade microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) are solubility test, X-ray diffractogram (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD showed that the crystallinity of MCC and MCC-C increased significantly by 80.15% and 71.8% by chemical treatments. TGA found that the active removal of lignin-hemicelluloses and the thermal stability of the material were about 350-500°C and 300-500°C. The morphology of the fiber confirmed that there is an irregular cross-section, non-uniform surface, a large amount of short microfibrils and some impurities on the surface of the coconut husk fiber. The findings showed that microcrystalline cellulose has been successfully extracted from coconut husk fiber and that it can be used further.
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) Rice hulls Bean hulls Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction a b s t r a c t Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a very important product in pharmaceutics, foods, cosmetics and other industries. In this work, MCC was prepared from rice and bean hulls (RH and BH). Hydrolysis of bleached pulps was carried out using hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to study the effect of the acid used on the properties of the produced MCC. MCC samples prepared from RH and BH were characterized through various techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction and compared with commercial MCC. The mechanical properties of tablets made from MCC of different lignocellulosic materials were tested and compared to a commercial MCC.
Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Renewable Source
Background: Micro-cellulose is the biopolymer derived from cellulose which is most abundantly available natural polymer, has many advantages such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability. However, its commercial production involves extraction of cellulose from wood pulp as a raw material which causes destruction of forests. Objective: Objective of this study was substitution of wood pulp as a raw material by a renewable source i.e. sisal fibers, preparation of micro-cellulose from sisal fibers, and its characterization and comparison with commercially available wood pulp based micro-cellulose. Method & Results: The micro-cellulose was prepared by the chemical method of extraction using the process sequence of delignification of sisal fibers, its bleaching and acid hydrolysis. Characterization of the extracted micro crystalline cellulose was done and compared with commercial micro crystalline cellulose in terms of Thermo-gravimetric Analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Particle Size Analysis. The analysis showed that the micro-cellulose extracted from the sisal fiber has higher crystallinity and thermal degradation temperature than commercial micro crystalline cellulose. The extracted micro crystalline cellulose also retained the fibrous characteristics of the sisal fiber. Conclusion: Thus, the work demonstrates that successful preparation and characterization of the micro-cellulose from sisal fibers can be carried out and it opens the possibility of the use of sisal fiber as a raw material to produce micro crystalline cellulose commercially with reduced load on environment; sisal fibers being renewable source have lesser renewable time frame than wood pulp.
Physicochemical Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Extracted from Kenaf Bast
BioResources, 2016
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was successfully prepared from bleached kenaf bast fiber through hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. The influence of hydrolysis time (1 to 3 h) on the MCC physicochemical properties was examined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to characterize the isolated MCC. According to FTIR analysis, the chemical composition of MCC was not changed with the reaction time. The reaction times, however, did affect the thermal stability of MCC. The thermal stability decreased linearly with increasing hydrolysis time. The optimum hydrolysis time was determined based on the morphological, structural, and thermal properties of the kenaf bast MCC.