Distributed Control of Cyber Physical System on Various Domains: A Critical Review (original) (raw)
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Distributed Control for Cyber-Physical Systems
| Networked Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are fundamentally constrained by the tight coupling and closed-loop control and actuation of physical processes. To address actuation in such closed-loop wireless control systems there is a strong need to re-think the communication architectures and protocols for maintaining stability and performance in the presence of disturbances to the network, environment and overall system objectives. We review the current state of network control efforts for CPS and present two complementary approaches for robust, optimal and composable control over networks. We first introduce a computer systems approach with Embedded Virtual Machines (EVM), a programming abstraction where controller tasks, with their control and timing properties, are maintained across physical node boundaries. Controller functionality is decoupled from the physical substrate and is capable of runtime migration to the most competent set of physical controllers to maintain stability in the presence of changes to nodes, links and network topology.
Distributed Triggered Control of Networked Cyber-Physical Systems
As computer-controlled systems become more and more ubiquitous in today's world, the physical challenges that must be overcome to ensure their reliable and efficient operation become extremely important. In general, controllers are designed assuming perfect information is available at all times and actuators can be updated continuously. When resources such as actuator power or energy consumption are not factors, this is not a problem because the controller can take samples and update the control signals fast enough so that the system behaves as close to ideally as possible. But now as we move steadfast into the age where xvi we want everything to be smaller and more portable, physical constraints such as battery life become major limiting factors to what we can achieve. Furthermore, when considering wireless networks of cyber-physical systems, the coupled physical constraints become an even larger challenge, making it unrealistic to continue blindly using controllers that assume ideal scenarios. This naturally gives rise to the study of robustness of controllers. In other words, given a system and an ideal controller, how fast must the controller sample the state and update the actuator signals such that the system behaves in the intended way? Rather than answering the above questions directly, we are interested in finding control strategies that account for these uncertainties at the design stage. While it is certainly easier to design controllers for systems that have perfect information at all times, it is just not practical in the real world. In this dissertation we explore various existing and new methods of endowing cyber-physical systems with sufficient autonomy to allow them to determine when and what kind of information is needed to perform a given task with a desired quality of service. The core of this dissertation is rooted at ideas developed from event-and self-triggered control strategies which we apply to a variety of different goals. We also provide a novel framework for a new method we call the team-triggered control strategy. This strategy combines the strengths of event-and self-triggered control and shows a lot of promise in efficiently controlling networks of cyber-physical systems.
2014 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing, 2014
Cyber-physical systems increasingly rely on distributed computing platforms where sensing, computing, actuation, and communication resources are shared by a multitude of applications. Such 'cyber-physical cloud computing platforms' present novel challenges because the system is built from mobile embedded devices, is inherently distributed, and typically suffers from highly fluctuating connectivity among the modules. Architecting software for these systems raises many challenges not present in traditional cloud computing. Effective management of constrained resources and application isolation without adversely affecting performance are necessary. Autonomous fault management and real-time performance requirements must be met in a verifiable manner. It is also both critical and challenging to support multiple end-users whose diverse software applications have changing demands for computational and communication resources, while operating on different levels and in separate domains of security. The solution presented in this paper is based on a layered architecture consisting of a novel operating system, a middleware layer, and component-structured applications. The component model facilitates the construction of software applications from modular and reusable components that are deployed in the distributed system and interact only through well-defined mechanisms. The complexity of creating applications and performing system integration is mitigated through the use of a domain-specific model-driven development process that relies on a domain-specific modeling language and its accompanying graphical modeling tools, software generators for synthesizing infrastructure code, and the extensive use of model-based analysis for verification and validation.
Cybersecurity Challenges in Distributed Control
2021
Cyber-physical systems are becoming core of the most modern systems consisting control, data sharing and realtime monitoring. While centralized control technique has been implemented in the past, recent innovation in distributed control schemes makes it attractive due to various reasons. One of them is the use of state-of-the-art communication protocols that makes the system more robust toward extreme conditions and ensures observability. Thus, as an application of cyber-physical systems, distributed control architectures are prone to various cyber-vulnerability which makes cybersecurity research critical in this application domain. This paper reviews recent researches of distributed control architectures, their cyber-vulnerabilities, and reported mitigation schemes. Finally, some research needs are addressed.
Framework for cyber-physical systems: volume 1, overview
This document has been prepared by the Cyber-Physical Systems Public Working Group (CPS PWG), an open public forum established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to support stakeholder discussions and development of a framework for cyber-physical systems. This document is a freely available contribution of the CPS PWG and is published in the public domain. Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe a concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the CPS PWG (or NIST), nor is it intended to imply that these entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. All registered trademarks or trademarks belong to their respective organizations.
Challenges and Current Solutions of Cyber Physical Systems
The interaction among people has been increased rapidly due to advances in internet and increased use of smart phones that are now available at all price ranges. The next step is to improve communication among machines by connecting the machines and giving intelligence to them to communicate among machines by connecting the machines and giving intelligence to them to communicate with other machines and also to interact with people. Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) are a natural consequence of an increasingly connected physical world. CPS have wide range of applications at the same time there are several challenges to implement these systems. In order to identify the challenges and current solutions and propose research possibilities in different areas of CPS we survey the literature of this area. Our approach is to identify the challenges in different areas of CPS including monitoring and actuator infrastructure, communication network, computation and control operation. We identify different elements in each area and explain the nominal and abnormal behaviour of all the elements. Finally we will explain the current solutions to deal with the abnormal behaviour of the elements.
Cyber-Physical Systems: A Literature Review
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are smart systems that depend on the synergy of cyber and physical components. They link the physical world (e.g. through sensors, actuators, robotics, and embedded systems) with the virtual world of information processing. Applications of CPS have the tremendous potential of improving convenience, comfort, and safety in our daily life. This paper provides a brief introduction to CPSs and their applications. Introduction The term " cyber-physical system " (CPS) was coined in 2006 by Helen Gill of the US National Science Foundation (Henshaw, 2016). As the name suggests, CPS has both cyber (software control) and physical (mechanism) elements. Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are engineered systems that are designed to interact seamlessly with networks of physical and computational components. These systems will provide the foundation of our critical infrastructure and improve our quality of life in many areas. CPSs and related systems (such as IoT and industrial Internet) have the potential to impact various sectors of the economy worldwide. CPS is basically an engineering discipline, focused on technology and modeling physical processes (differential equations, stochastic processes, etc.) with mathematical abstractions. In a CPS, computing elements coordinate and communicate with sensors, which monitor cyber and physical indicators and actuators. CPS is also similar to the Internet of Things (IoT), sharing the same basic architecture (Cyber-physical system, 2017). It is also related to embedded systems. While an embedded system is
Self-Triggered and Team-Triggered Control of Networked Cyber-Physical Systems
Embedded Systems, 2015
This chapter describes triggered control approaches for the coordination of networked cyberphysical systems. Given the coverage of the other chapters of this book, our focus is on selftriggered control and a novel approach we term team-triggered control. The basic idea behind triggered approaches for controlled dynamical systems is to opportunistically select when to execute certain actions (e.g., update the actuation signal, sense some data, communicate some information) in order to efficiently perform various control tasks. Such approaches trade computation for sensing, actuation, or communication effort and give rise to real-time controllers that do not need to perform these actions continuously, or even periodically, in order for the system to function according to a desired level of performance. Triggered approaches for control become even more relevant in the context of networked cyber-physical systems, where computation, actuation, sensing and communication capabilities might not be collocated. The successful operation of networked systems critically relies on the acquisition and transmission of information across different subsystems, which adds an additional layer of complexity for controller design and analysis. In fact, a given triggered controller might be implementable over some networks and not over others, depending on the requirements imposed by the triggers on the information flow across the individual subsystems. In event-triggered control, the focus is on detecting events during the system execution that are relevant from the point of view of task completion in order to trigger appropriate actions.
A Comprehensive Overview of Cyber-Physical Systems: From Perspective of Feedback System
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are characterized by integrating cybernetic and physical processes. The theories and applications of CPS face the enormous challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide a latest understanding of this emerging multi-disciplinary methodology. First, the features of CPS are described, and the research progresses are summarized from different components in CPS, such as system modeling, information acquisition, communication, control and security. Each part is also followed by the future directions. Then some typical applications are given to show the prospects of CPS. Citation: Xinping Guan, Bo Yang, Cailian Chen, Wenbin Dai, Yiyin Wang. A comprehensive overview of cyber-physical systems: from perspective of feedback system. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 2016, 3(1): 1-14