Feed Evaluation Methods: Performance, Economy and Environment (original) (raw)
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Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2017
There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey we...
Appropriate methods for the evaluation of tropical feeds for ruminants
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997
The nutritive value of a feedstuff is dependent on the intake and on the amount of nutrients absorbed from the ingested feedstuff during its passage through the gastro intestinal tract. This paper, however, focuses only on the potentials and limitations of some methods found appropriate to estimate the feed intake, energy value and the protein value of feedstuffs. It was concluded that experiments should be made to establish the potential feed intake of different tropical feeds. A system based on the physical fill of feed in the rumen is appropriate as the dominant limitation for intake in ruminants is physical fill of partly digested plant fibers in the rumen. The degradation and passage rates of NDF in the rumen is a potentially useful method to predict the physical fill of fibrous feeds. The potential digestibility of a wide variety of feeds can be determined with reasonable accuracy by using rumen fluid in vitro. The energetic value of concentrate feeds can moreover be determined by enzymatic methods which do not require rumen fluid. For very poor roughage, in vitro methods are less reproducible and should be supplemented with the nylon bag method. The traditional chemical analyses, e.g. for crude fibre, NDF or ADF do not predict the digestibility well, except for feeds where the relationship between the chemical analysis and the digestibility has been established beforehand. The protein value of a feed depends on rumen degradation as well as the amino acid content and digestibility of the undegraded protein passing to the small intestine. The nylon bag method is the only available tool to generally predict the rumen degradation but the between laboratory variation is too big and figures obtained can only be used within laboratory. To improve reproducibility and reduce costs an alternative method is required, e.g. an enzymatic method. The intestinal digestibility
Determination of in vitro digestibility of forage species used in ruminant feeding
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020
Within the evaluation of the quality of forage resources, the main parameter that defines it is the digestibility of dry matter, which together with the amount of neutral and acidic detergent fibers and crude protein constitutes the basic information to assess forages which are supplied in the diet of the cattle. This research was carried out at the University of Los Llanos (Villavicencio, Colombia), and its objective was to determine the digestibility of three forages in cattle through three different in vitro techniques: inoculation with ruminal fluid and with feces and enzymatic digestibility technique, making the comparison with the in situ technique in order to validate the techniques and equipment that are being used for these procedures. The following species were evaluated: Pennisetum purpureum (PP), Tithonia diversifolia (TD), and Bauhinia variegata (BV), assessing the curve and rate of degradation of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total protein (TP) (0 to 72 h). A design of repeated measures was used, under which the analysis of variance was carried out to determine the ranges of deviation between the techniques and thus establish the trend of the data; the variables evaluated were the DM, NDF, and TP digestibilities of the three forages using the four techniques (three in vitro and one in situ). After verifying the differences between the variances of the digestibilities and checking the sphericity assumption with the Mauchly test, multiple comparisons were made with the Bonferroni test with a
Aim: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of some formulated feed for ruminant animals. Methodology: Two energy sources and three protein sources of feed were formulated at different percentage level in the ratio of 60:40 energy to protein. Three Wadara bulls fitted with permanent rumen cannula 40 mm diameters were used. The bulls were fed groundnut haulms and cowpea husk as basal diet and supplemented with mix concentrates of Dry leftover food, camel rumen content, cotton seed cake and groundnut haulms, salt and bone meal. 3 g of feed sample were measured using electronic weighing scale and carefully dropped into the nylon bag which is incubated into the cannulated bulls at specific interval of time starting from 6 hours to 96 hours with interval of 6 hours in between. Results: Dry matter values obtained for the formulations are within the range of 92.80% to 96.60% for the twelve (12) formulations for treatments, while the crude protein of the twelve formulations had been recorded within the range of 12.77%-15.07%. The crude fibre contents increased from 15.0% to 24.6% for T1-T12 in that order. Treatments 4 has been observed to be highly degradable at different levels (hours) of the experiment. Conclusion: The feed samples under study were evaluated and can be used sufficiently to meet the crude protein requirement of ruminant's animals. Thus, these feed ingredients can be used to prepare concentrates feeds for ruminants, because they are cheap and readily available.
2017
Chemical analyses, enzymatic and Tilley and Terry digestibility were used to describe the feeding values of thirteen feed samples. Two samples were from common used feeds in ruminant animals feeding: alfalfa hay of two successive cuts and nine other feeds representing under-utilized ones in ruminant feeding like as cereal straw, faba bean straw and pea straw collected at the end of vegetation. All samples were analyzed for their chemical content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and enzymatic digestibility of dry matter. The under-utilized feed, pea straws and faba pods have similar chemical content for main Weende parameters. They have higher values for CP that cereal straws (31-34%) and lower value of CF (11.6%). The NDF and ADF content of pea straw and faba pod resulted lower that in ...
Veterinary World, 2015
The aim was to determine the chemical composition and metabolisable energy (ME) content of feedstuffs used in ruminant animals using in vitro method. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 feedstuffs used for ruminant feeding including cultivated non-leguminous fodders like maize, sorghum, pearl millet, and oat; leguminous fodders like cowpea and berseem; agro-industrial by-products such as wheat bran, deoiled rice bran, rice polish, wheat straw, and concentrates such as mustard oil cake, groundnut cake, soybean meal, cotton seed cake, grains like maize, oat, wheat, and barley were taken for this study. Chemical compositions and cell wall constituents of test feeds were determined in triplicate. The crude protein (CP) content was calculated as nitrogen (N) × 6.25. True dry matter digestibility (TDMD), true organic matter digestibility (TOMD), ME, and partitioning factor (PF) values were determined by in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT). Results: The CP content of non-leguminous fodders varied from 7.29% (sorghum) to 9.51% (maize), but leguminous fodders had less variation in CP. Oilseed cakes/meals had high CP and ether extract (EE) content than other feedstuffs except rice polish, which had 12.80% EE. Wheat straw contained highest fiber fractions than the other ingredients. ME content was highest in grains (wheat-12.02 MJ/kg) and lowest in wheat straw (4.65 MJ/kg) and other roughages. TDMD of grains and oilseed cakes/meals were higher than the fodders and agro-industrial by-products. The same trend was observed for TOMD. Conclusions: It was concluded that the energy feeds showed a great variation in chemical composition and ME content. The results of this study demonstrated that the kinetics of gas production of energy feed sources differed among themselves. Evaluation of various feedstuffs is helpful in balanced ration formulation for field animals and under farm conditions for better utilization of these commonly available feed resources.
Estimates of in situ digestibility and fibrous compounds in feeds for ruminants
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 2015
Current paper assesses the relationship between in situ incubation time, particle size and types of materials on estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in cattle feed and feces. Samples of soybean meal, alfalfa and feces of cattle fed on high concentrated diets were analyzed. The samples were processed in a Wiley mill, with 0.5 and 1.5 mm porosity for food and 1.5 mm for feces, which were packed in 4 × 5 cm F57 bags (Ankon ®) and nonwoven fabric (100 g m-2) of two brands. The material was divided into two groups, with and without treatment with acetone, and five replications. Samples of each group were incubated in the rumen of a multiparous cow adapted to a 70:30 diet, forage:concentrate diet, for 240 hours. The iDM and iNDF levels were evaluated sequentially to interpret the percentages of undigested material. Data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and means were compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Material, size of particles and incubated material affected iDM and iNDF estimates.
The nutritive value of concentrate feedstuffs for ruminant animals
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2003
The aim of the study was to generate a database of small intestinal digestibility (SID) of different sources of concentrate ingredients commonly offered to ruminants in European countries. Test protein feeds were sunflower meal (SUN), rapeseed meal (RAP), soyabean meal (SBM) and cottonseed meal (CSM). Test energy feeds were palm kernel meal (PK), pollard (PO), barley (BA) and beet pulp (BP). Test protein + energy feeds were maize distillers grains (MDG), maize gluten feed (MGF), copra meal (CO) and malt combings (MC). The ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) portion of the test feedstuffs was obtained by ruminal incubation in four Friesian steers offered grass silage and concentrate. The RUP fraction was digested with pepsin and pancreatin enzymes (PPD) or placed into the duodenal cannula of two Friesian cows using the mobile bag technique,