Confucian guidelines for building an ageing society under China’s modernization process (original) (raw)

The summit of a moral pilgrimage: Confucianism on healthy ageing and social eldercare

Nursing Ethics

To effectively address ageing and develop adequate eldercare needs, among others, new ethical visions are much needed. One of the ways to formulate sound ethical visions for contemporary issues is to reclaim, reinterpret and revive old moral ideas and ideals rooted in different indigenous cultural traditions. Drawing thought, wisdom and inspirations from classical Confucianism, the article offers a Confucian ethical outlook on healthy ageing and social eldercare. The popular perception of ageing in the West as well as China regards old age as a period of inevitable decline. However, Kong Zi (Confucius) treats human life as an ongoing moral pilgrimage, with old age the summit of the lifelong journey. This Confucian ethical view on ageing as the culmination of a lifelong moral cultivation has various important themes. They include the primary feature of learning in healthy ageing, the essential role of social eldercare embedded in the popular Confucian norm ‘filial piety’ ( xiao), int...

Filial Obligations and Expectations in China: Current Views from Young and Old People in Beijing

Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1999

This study examines how 90 university students and 77 old people in Beijing view filial piety in Chinese society now. The results show that old people continue to hold high filial expectations for young people and that young people still endorse strongly filial obligations for old people. Obedience received the lowest rating while respect received the highest rating. ''Looking after the aged parents'' and ''assisting them financially'' are the top filial concerns for young males whereas ''retaining contact with the elders'' is the top filial concern for young females. ''Respecting elders but necessarily obeying them'' appears to be a new cultural protocol for fulfilling filial obligations in Chinese societies now. In Chinese society, the Confucian teaching of filial piety (xiao) commands young people to be respectful, caring and obedient to elders, family or otherwise (Ho, 1994; Sung, 1995). Deriving from the Doctrine of the Rectification of Names and the Five Cardinal Relations identified by Confucius (Ho, 1985; King & Bond, 1985; Metzger, 1977), filial piety has served as a guiding principle for patterns of Chinese socialization and intergenerational communication for thousands of years. Filial piety has also been considered as the first of all virtues in Chinese social relations and has profound psychological implications for the formation of Chinese characters, cultivating authoritarian moralism and cognitive conservatism in Chinese social behaviors (Ho, 1996). By traditional values of filial piety, people are expected to take material as well as emotional care of their aged parents, ensure continuity of family lines, perform ceremonial duties of ancestors, bring good honor to their family and avoid disgrace to its name (Davis,

From early Confucian texts to aged care in China and abroad today: The evolution of filial piety and its implications

managers.org.cn

Filial piety has remained a cornerstone of aged care in Chinese communities for at least 2,000 years. This paper reviews understandings and practices of filial piety in China and among Chinese migrants to western countries. Five dimensions of filial piety are considered: living arrangements, support, respect, ancestral worship and gender norms. Although the meaning of and practices associated with filial piety may have changed over time, the ideal of filial piety is still highly relevant to aged care in Chinese communities today.

Review Article -- Intergenerational Relations, Filial Obligations and Eldercare in Contemporary China

ASIEN -- The German Journal on Contemporary Asia, 2019

This omnibus review discusses and compares three monographs on intergenerational relations, filial obligations (filial piety or xiao) and eldercare in contemporary China: Fang Cao: Elderly Care, Intergenerational Relationships and Social Change in Rural China Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. XIX + 199 pp. Patricia O’Neill: Urban Chinese Daughters: Navigating New Roles, Status and Filial Obligation in a Transitioning Culture Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. XIII + 338 pp. Lin Chen: Evolving Eldercare in Contemporary China: Two Generations, One Decision. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. XVII + 213 pp.

Will Confucian Values Help or Hinder the Crisis of Elder Care in Modern Singapore

Asian Bioethics Review , 2020

The unique mix of modern Western and traditional Confucian values in Singapore presents young people with contradictory views on duties to aging parents. It remains to be seen whether the changing demands of modern life will result in new generations giving up Confucian family ethics or whether the Confucian dynamic will find a way to adapt to the new pressures. It is the opinion of this author that the Confucian family structure has mixed potential for the growing crisis of elder care. Alone, both Confucian traditions and typical Western institutional approaches toward elder care fall short of what is necessary for intergenerational social justice, yet a hybrid of the two has great potential for the growing aging crisis. To demonstrate this, I first give a brief account of the history of filial piety in Confucianism as well as the social environment from which it originated. Then I turn my attention to the present issues of an aging population and elder care that face much of the developed world in the twenty-first century. Finally, I show how adherence to Confucian filial traditions can both help to address many of these issues and how it can potentially leave unjust gaps in elder care. Ultimately, I conclude that the crisis of elder care may be best dealt with through a hybrid of Confucian values and Western approaches.

Placing Elderly Parents in Institutions in Urban China: A Reinterpretation of Filial Piety

Research on Aging, 2008

The authors examined changing attitudes about filial piety, or xiao, using data from intensive interviews with 20 elderly residents, 14 family members, and 9 staff members in Nanjing, China. The findings reveal that respondents interpreted the notion of xiao in terms of their own social worlds and on the basis of their own social locations and contexts. The increasing unavailability of adult children, various benefits of institutional care, and children's financial assistance for older parents are major explanations for xiao behaviors, even when elders are placed in institutions. The high cost of professional care in institutions is contributing to a shift in attitudes about institutional elder care from stigma to privilege. The authors argue that China can expect an increasing need and demand for elder care institutions as a large number of Chinese baby boomers retire.

Filial piety, love or money? Foundation of old-age support in urban China

Journal of Aging Studies, 2023

This article explores the intertwining issues of filial obligation, material interest and emotional intimacy in driving adult children’s provision of old-age support in family settings. Drawing upon multi-generational life history interviews with urban Chinese families, this article reveals how the configuration of these multiple forces is governed by the socio-economic and demographic context of a particular time. The findings dispute a linear modernization model of transition and generational change (from past family relations structured by filial obligation to the present emotion-laden nuclear family). Instead the multi-generational analysis reveals a tightening association of multiple forces around the younger generation, intensified by the one-child demographic structure, post-Mao commercialization of urban housing and establishment of the market economy. Finally, this article highlights the role of performance in carrying out old-age support. “Surface work” is enacted in situations where tensions between conformity to public morality and private intents (emotional or material) cannot be reconciled.

A research agenda for ageing in China in the 21st century

Ageing research reviews, 2015

China is encountering formidable healthcare challenges brought about by the problem of ageing. By 2050, there will be 400 million Chinese citizens aged 65+, 150 million of whom will be 80+. The undesirable consequences of the one-child policy, rural-to-urban migration, and expansion of the population of 'empty nest' elders are eroding the traditional family care of the elders, further exacerbating the burden borne by the current public healthcare system. The challenges of geriatric care demand prompt attention by proposing strategies for improvement in several key areas. Major diseases of the elderly that need more attention include chronic non-communicable diseases and mental health disorders. We suggest the establishment of a home care-dominated geriatric care system, and a proactive role for researchers on ageing in reforming geriatric care through policy dialogs. We propose ideas for preparation of the impending ageing burden and the creation of a nurturing environment c...