Autism Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment (original) (raw)
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Autism spectrum disorders: an overview on diagnosis and treatment
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 2013
Pervasive developmental disorders are now commonly referred to as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASDs present with a range of severity and impairments, and often are a cause of severe disability, representing a major public health concern. The diagnostic criteria require delays or abnormal functioning in social interaction, language, and/or imaginative play within the first 3 years of life, resulting in a deviation from the developmental pattern expected for the age. Because establishing a diagnosis of ASD is possible as early as 18-24 months of age, clinicians should strive to identify and begin intervention in children with ASD as soon as signs are manifest. Increasing efforts are underway to make ASD screening universal in pediatric healthcare. Given the crucial importance of early identification and multiple modalities of treatment for ASD, this review will summarize the diagnostic criteria, key areas for assessment by clinicians, specific scales and instruments for assessment, and discussion of evidence-based treatment programs and the role of specific drug therapies for symptom management.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Behavioral Intervention : An Updated Review
Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2015
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by impaired social communication and repetitive, restricted behaviors and activities. The prevalence of ASD has been increasing for the past 2 decades, but evidence-based therapeutic approaches are lacking for patients with ASD. To date, there is no cure for the core symptoms of ASD, and the existing treatments focus on improving the patient's function and adaptation by using behavioral intervention methods. Behavioral interventions have been proven to show the greatest effect when applied before the age of 2 years, for at least 40-60 hours per week. Many clinicians and ASD families are unfamiliar with the treatment methods, and consequently, may seek unproven and potentially hazardous methods. The purpose of this article was to present an extensive and updated review on evidence-based ASD behavioral interventions that are commonly used in clinical settings. KEY WORDS：Autism Spectrum DisorderㆍBehavioral InterventionㆍApplied Behavior AnalysisㆍIndividualized Treatment.
Autism Spectrum Disorders: Recent Diagnostics and Management Trends
https://ijshr.com/IJSHR\_Vol.6\_Issue.1\_Jan2021/IJSHR-Abstract.07.html, 2021
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental multi-factorial disorders characterized by a deficit in social behaviors and nonverbal interactions such as reduced eye contact, facial expression, and body gestures in the first 3 years of life. The aim of the study was to explore about the recent diagnostics and management trends of ASD. Literature was searched considering both electronic databases such as PubMed and manually. It can be said that the main treatment goals are to target core behaviors to improve social interactions & communication, reduction of irritable & disruptive behavior, strategies to integrate into schools & develop meaningful peer relationships and long-term skills in independent living.
An Impending Autism Spectrum Disorder and Various Approaches to Improve the Condition
Khatija Tul Kubra, 2024
A u t i s m S p e c t r u m D i s o r d e r (A S D) i s a c o m p l e x neurodevelopmental disorder and is clinically de ined by the de icits in communication, social skills and repetitive and/or restrictive interests and behaviours. It is a widespread disorder with no known etiology and pathogenesis and no proper pharmacological approach. Pharmacological treatment can bring down the symptoms to a little extent when compared to the non-pharmacological treatment which includes few therapies to improve the core symptoms of autism. This study aims to determine the knowledge about ASD, the prevalence rate, the brain of an autistic patient when compared to a neurotypical brain, genetic and environmental factors assumed to be responsible for it commonly prescribed medicines, their side effects as well as evaluate the impact of non-pharmacological therapy on Autism. It is revealed that children with ASD who aggressively take non-pharmacological therapies show a signi icant improvement in symptoms. The prevalence has increased in the past two decades. According to the latest CDC statistics around 1 in 44 (or2.3%) of children in the US were identi ied with ASD using estimates from CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. The prevalence estimate in the year 2021 from data collected in 2018 is approximately 241% higher than in 2000. ASD is found to be more in male than female, the ratio being 4:1[3].
Updates in Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Autism is a neurodevelopmental illness marked by confined repetitive behaviour, poor social interaction, and difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication. Despite advances in early detection and intervention, no therapy has yet been shown to entirely correct autism's basic symptoms. People with ASD have various strengths and challenges, as well as diverse treatment requirements, because ASD impacts each individual differently. Autism is presently treated with the majority of behavioural therapies in conjunction with pharmaceutical therapy. Behavioral intervention can reduce behavioural issues and enhance language, cognitive, adaptive, and social abilities; however, the effect is not stable and requires substantial cooperation between families, communities, and schools. Some of the medicines commonly used to treat anxiety, ADHD symptoms, compulsions, and other repeated behaviours, as well as mood instability, irritability, aggression, and sleep problems, are antidepressan...
Comprehensive management of autism: Current evidence
Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 2017
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted repetitive behavior. The goals of treatment are to target core behaviors, improve social interactions and communication, and reduce disruptive behavior. The present paper discusses the role of applied behavioral analysis and pharmacotherapy.
7 Intervention Models in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
2012
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of developmental disorders of unknown origin that affect children in many important areas, namely language, communication and social interaction. The burden of the disorder, with an incidence of about one new case in every 100 newborns, makes its early recognition a vital task for all professionals caring for children. Although autism is a chronic condition with no specific cure nowadays, advances in the research in the last 40 years predict new hope and a better prognosis for children and adults with this group of disorders. ASD affect children’s ability to understand and interact with their environment. Our mission as therapists is to recognize their difficulties and try to enter their world in order to increase their communication and relationship skills. Therefore, it is essential to carefully observe the child, taking notes and measuring his or her abilities through the use of ASDspecific and general evaluation scales, such as the Chi...
IntechOpen eBooks, 2023
In recent years, the autism spectrum in children has been increasingly recognized. Parental awareness and the knowledge of health professionals are critical to the early diagnosis of autistic disorders. The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. The diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders is made on the basis of observation of behavior in three areas: social interaction, communication, and behavioral rigidity. The most common diagnosis is in children around 2-5 years of age, but the autism spectrum can be diagnosed at any age, also in adulthood. As the spectrum of autism varies, symptoms of autism may differ slightly from person to person. In order to exclude the presence of ASD in a child or adult, it is necessary to diagnose with the use of various tools, in which both a psychologist-diagnostician and a psychiatrist are involved. After diagnosis, the next important step is to include therapeutic and rehabilitation activities aimed at improving the functioning of the individual in disturbed areas. Lack of proper rehabilitation may lead to profound functional disturbances at a later age.
2016
Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) and other therapies for autism have been developing and changing in recent years, and have moved away from clinical settings to options that can be used in the classroom and at home. Common current therapies focus on improving social skills and increasing communication. The therapies and treatments that are available for children with autism spectrum disorders are as varied as the children whom they support. As PRT and other therapy plans evolve, parents and clinicians develop higher expectations that children with autism will develop lost skills. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was first diagnosed in 1943 to describe children with the most profound social withdrawal (Autism Ontario, 2011), although it is now known as "a complex neurological disorder that affects the function of the brain" (Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2005, p. 3) and affects each diagnosed child differently. Children diagnosed with autism exhibit limited communication abilities, poor social interaction, and restricted behaviour patterns and interests (Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2005). Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) and other therapies for autism have been developing and changing in recent years, and have moved away from clinical settings to options that can be used in the classroom and at home. Therapies currently focus on improving social skills and increasing communication. These therapies often focus on improving multiple areas of deficit that an autistic child may struggle with, instead of working on a single area of concern.
SCIENTIFICALLY PRACTICED INTERVENTIONS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER.
Autism is a complex neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain which means that it is a lifelong developmental disability that prevents people from understanding what they see, hear and otherwise sense. This results in severe problems with social relationships, communication and behaviour. Symptoms of Autism can be present in a variety of combinations and may be accompanying with other disabilities. There are many intervention strategies propounded but some of them lack scientific evidence which is adverse. This article tries to elucidate the most common effective scientifically tested intervention strategies for Autism Spectrum Disorder.