Preface - Special Issue: Gaze Control for Work and Play (original) (raw)
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Gaze-enhanced user interface design
2007
The eyes are a rich source of information for gathering context in our everyday lives. A user's gaze is postulated to be the best proxy for attention or intention. Using gaze information as a form of input can enable a computer system to gain more contextual information about the user's task, which in turn can be leveraged to design interfaces which are more intuitive and intelligent. Eye gaze tracking as a form of input was primarily developed for users who are unable to make normal use of a keyboard and pointing device. However, with the increasing accuracy and decreasing cost of eye gaze tracking systems it will soon be practical for able-bodied users to use gaze as a form of input in addition to keyboard and mouse.
Consciousness and Cognition, 1997
When it comes to measuring attention, or quantifying it in any way, it is not easy to pin down what exactly we measure. Advances in technology have enabled the construction of complex models of certain aspects of attention and identified many of the structures and factors involved in the changing nature of attention. In this chapter, we will go with a working definition of attention as the concentration or focusing of mental effort on sensory or internal mental events. In terms of eye movements, we are mainly concerned with visual attention, pertaining to events and external stimuli in the environment, but not exclusively so. Eye movements may also offer an opportunity to measure internal or subjective events and states. This chapter will look at what might be possible beyond direct, point and click gaze control, in inferring subjective states. The aim is to identify and explain those measures from cognitive psychology which are most promising in terms of future technologies for gaze based human computer interaction.
Experimental design and biometric research. Toward innovations, 2021
Eye movements provide information on subconscious reactions in response to stimuli and are a reflection of attention and focus. With regard to visual activity, four types of eye movements—fixations, saccades, smooth pursuits and blinks—can be distinguished. Fixations—the number and distribution, total fixation time or average fixation duration are among the most common measures. The capabilities of this research method also allow the determination of scanpaths that track gaze on the image as well as heat- and focus maps, which visually represent points of gaze focus. A key concept in eye-tracking that allows for more in-depth analysis is areas of interest (AOI)—measures can then be taken for selected parts of the visual stimulus. On the other hand, the area of gaze outside the scope of analysis is called white space. The software allows for comparisons of static and non-static stimuli and provides a choice of template, dataset, metrics or data format. In conducting eye-tracking rese...
Etate of art in Eye gaze/fixation modality
Definition Eye tracking measures the spacial direction (gaze and eye fixation) where the eyes are pointing. It returns information into what observer found interesting, and how the observer perceived the scene he was viewing. Eye tracking follows the path of an observer visual attention. The intuitive sense of visual attention, from psychology point of view [James 1890], is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simulateneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalisation, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.... Visual attention has been studied for over a century. Early study of attention were technologically limited to simple ocular observations and often time to introspection. Since then the field has grown to an interdisciplinary subject involving the disciplines of psychophysics, cognitive neuroscience and computer science. While early eye tracking research focused only on systems for in-lab experiments, many commercial and experimental approaches are investigated today for a wide range of applications. Eye tracking systems The possibility of taking advantage of information conveyed in gaze has attracted many researchers in serveral disciplines, including human-computer interaction [Gle 95]. Agregating all the works related to the subject requires weeks of work, that is why, we focus our presentation on some contributions.
Gaze tracking, attention and interactive applications
2007
Applications that use eye and gaze have recently become increasingly popular in the domain of human-computer interfaces. In this paper we address the use of gaze tracking in order to adapt entertainment and edutainment applications according to user behaviour, and more precisely his attention. We developed a framework dedicated to the analysis of attention (region of interest and model of inattention) and we have implemented it in a general agent-based architecture. The first application that uses such an interactive system is the AutiSTIC project. Our main objective is to implement a system that can help autistic children during the rehabilitation process. It consists in helping the child to be focused on his task during a computer game or exercise. The main goal of the activity is to help the child to improve his understanding about himself and his environment. The experimental results verify the feasibility and validity of this interactive system and the effects on the attention of children.
Gaze and eye-tracking solutions for psychological research
Cognitive processing, 2012
Eye-tracking technology is a growing field used to detect eye movements and analyze human processing of visual information for interactive and diagnostic applications. Different domains in scientific research such as neuroscience, experimental psychology, computer science and human factors can benefit from eye-tracking methods and techniques to unobtrusively investigate the quantitative evidence underlying visual processes. In order to meet the experimental requirements concerning the variety of application fields, different gaze- and eye-tracking solutions using high-speed cameras are being developed (e.g., eye-tracking glasses, head-mounted or desk-mounted systems), which are also compatible with other analysis devices such as magnetic resonance imaging. This work presents an overview of the main application fields of eye-tracking methodology in psychological research. In particular, two innovative solutions will be shown: (1) the SMI RED-M eye-tracker, a high performance portable remote eye-tracker suitable for different settings, that requires maximum mobility and flexibility; (2) a wearable mobile gaze-tracking device--the SMI eye-tracking glasses--which is suitable for real-world and virtual environment research. For each kind of technology, the functions and different possibilities of application in experimental psychology will be described by focusing on some examples of experimental tasks (i.e., visual search, reading, natural tasks, scene viewing and other information processing) and theoretical approaches (e.g., embodied cognition).
Gaze interaction in the post-WIMP world
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2012
This workshop is a follow-up to our successful Special Interest Group (SIG) meeting at CHI '12. The SIG focused on eye gaze as a highly effective, seamless, and fast means of human-computer interaction in various contexts, but showed that suitable applications and overall convenience are still lacking. Consequently, we see an expressive need for continued in-depth discussion on how the diversity of application contexts could specifically benefit from the incorporation of the user's gaze. In this regard, we concentrate on gaze interaction in combination with post-WIMP interaction styles as opposed to traditional desktop setups to broaden the view for novel ways to interact with eye gaze. The objective of the CHI '13 workshop is to further promote this emerging field by addressing fundamental research questions regarding novel gaze-based interaction in the post-WIMP world.
The validity of using non-representative users in gaze communication research
2012
Abstract Gaze-based interaction techniques have been investigated for the last two decades, and in many cases the evaluation of these has been based on trials with able-bodied users and conventional usability criteria, mainly speed and accuracy. The target user group of many of the gaze-based techniques investigated is, however, people with different types of physical disabilities.