Памятники армянского наследия на Северном Кавказе. Моздок (original) (raw)
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Бабенко В.А., Обухов Ю.Д. Памятники округи Маджар (Северный Кавказ). Современное состояние изучения
The paper features the problem of selection of Golden Horde era monuments located in the area neighbouring Majary in the territory of the Middle Kuma river valley. The bulk of information about the monuments is mostly contained in archival documents relating to the XVI-XVIII centuries. At present there is information about 9 monuments. The locations of five of them have been discovered. Two more monuments could possibly be locations of the towns of Majary-al-Jedid and Karakogun, which is known due to numismatic and written sources. The medieval climate and landscape in the region allowed to a certain extent cultivating the Kuma river valley, prone to seasonal flooding. Permanent settlements in the area neighbouring Majary could have been founded in the Upland of the Kuma river valley or the terrace areas above the flood plain in the Kuma river valley or the Kuma tributaries. The areas of the estuaries of the left and the right tributaries of the Kuma river seem promising for the search of Golden Horde era artefacts of everyday life. The monuments (“Orlovskoye-1”, XIII-XIV centuries, “Preobrazhenskoye-1”) which are situated in the neighborhood of the Madjary hillfort could relate to the rural area around Majary. Specification of a number of monuments situated in some distance from Majary requires a more precise definition.
Памятники «восточного микока» Донбасса и Северо-Восточного Приазовья
Записки Института истории материальной культуры РАН, №17. – СПб.: «Дмитрий Буланин», 2018
Памятники среднего палеолита Донбасса и Северо-Восточного Приазовья образуют хорошо выраженную группу на юге Русской равнины. Ряд ключевых памятников (Носово I, Рожок I) были исследованы Н. Д. Прасловым в 1960-е гг. В каменных индустриях многих из них содержатся разнообразные изделия, изготовленные в технике двусторонней обработки. В археологической литературе их относят к так называемому восточному микоку. В Донецко-Приазовском регионе эти памятники существовали на протяжении длительного отрезка времени от OIS 5e до OIS 3. В эту же группу следует включать единичные находки крупных бифасов. Для каменной индустрии «восточного микока» характерны обычные для среднего палеолита приемы расщепления нуклеусов и особые технологии изготовления орудий. Широко использовался прием плоско-выпуклой вторичной обработки. Специфическими культурными индикаторами этих индустрий являются асимметричные обушковые ножи с двусторонней обработкой (часто с плоско-выпуклым поперечным сечением) и листовидные острия.
Память о прошлом: вещи в системе Армянской советской культуры
Summary Memories of the Past: things in a system of the Armenian Soviet Culture The paper is pursuing multiple goals. Firstly, it is an attempt to initiate studies of every day culture of Soviet Armenia, which seems to be completely and unfairly ignored by Armenian social researchers. In the meantime, most of phenomena of current socio-cultural situation cannot be understood if not embedded into the previous soviet context. Secondly, I am trying to reveal and highlight the gap in the Armenian Museums of History and Ethnography that have included the soviet period of the Armenian History and Culture in their expositions. Thirdly, the paper is representing a kind of research experiment. The core part of it has been written in a form of free-style essays representing my own memories and memories of people in my circle and initially published in one of the Internet social networks, the Life Journal. The publication intended to attract comments of potential readers (about 150, mostly Armenians from Soviet Armenia or other post-soviet space). The paper also includes my comments on readers' comments placed in my Life Journal pages. These comments have shaped a discoursive field representing an artificially generated and textualized collective memory on soviet times. Following Maurice Halbwachs’ idea, a man usually has to resort to memories of other people in order to recall his own past. In fact, my own memories shared with other people are legitimized by others through their comments thus being turned into collective memory. Essays’ content is focused on things, i.e. objects utilized in our everyday life like clothes, food, furniture, personal car, books, etc. However, this paper is not just about consumption mechanisms or ethnographic interpretation of material objects in the system of soviet culture. It’s about practices of everyday life engendered or shaped around things and objects that serve to be key points for memorialization of the world of so called «homo sovieticus» which in reality was so different from that created and promoted by the soviet propaganda. The Soviet society had been oriented towards the very peculiar style of consumption and the very word of it used to be a subject for ideological criticism. Empty shop shelves, complicated social and economic mechanisms of «getting» things, especially those imported from abroad, all this did create a very special attitude towards the Thing and placed it in an intricate system of social and personal hierarchies of the soviet epoch of «deficit», pictured in the essays below. Home libraries. Books had not only been signs of high social and intellectual status, or symbols of identity. Good books were difficult to get as they couldn't be found in bookstores. Distribution of newly editions was provided through soviet hierarchic channels and books, especially prestigious multivolume editions served as additional markers of social power. Collections. Most soviet people used to practice collecting various things like coins, postcards, stamps, badges, match boxes, etc. Soviet industry and cultural policies encouraged this hobby trying to keep leisure time of soviet people organized and controlled. Alongside of traditional collections, other types of them were popular such as those of things of everyday consumption «made in» somewhere abroad (soap, cigarette boxes, alcohol drinks, bear cans, pens, pencils, candies, bubble-gums, dolls, etc.). They were estimated too high because of being of better quality than their soviet analogues and rarely found. Such collections used to become a part of apartment's interior design and subjects of special pride of their owners. China, debts, presents. Good china was hard to «get». People used to buy it mainly in Moscow or Leningrad. If someone had come across the china or some other deficit goods he should have bought it whatever it cost, because next time he might not be that lucky. Borrowing big amounts of money at no interest from friends and relatives was a usual soviet practice. Soviet society provided various mechanisms of mutual financial help. Lending money inside Armenian clans did not mean necessarily to get it back after an agreed while. The debt could be paid off later, in bigger or lesser amount or another form of assistance. China and cut glass ware used to be displayed at surfaces of shelves, tables, cupboards and bookcases being a symbol of well-being and social prestige. They were also considered a good present. Presents were always bought beforehand, because one might not be able to get anything in the shops at the very moment he/she really needed it. Food and holidays. In memories of soviet people, special taste of everyday food is often highlighted. Another myth is related to the imagined cheapness of soviet goods. On the other hand, deficit of goods forced soviet people to be always «armed» with money and bags in case they come across any of food products that should be immediately bought in big amounts for future use. On holidays, party and organizational structures distributed some deficit food such as sausage, candies, etc. at their real cost. Being a part of distribution process was prestigious and signified the high social status of a receiver. Shops of our dreams. Any Thing was endowed with special status and significance depended on the way of obtaining it. The higher status was given to foreign goods brought from abroad, bought in so called «certificate shops» («certificates» replaced foreign currency in soviet times) or in «commisionka» shops, where they were sold as second-hand ones, or, finally, goods bought in Moscow shops that were supplied comparatively better that any other shops in provinces. «Make it yourself». In 80-ies every woman in Yerevan used to knit and sew. Thus, they tried to fill the enormous gap left by the soviet cloth industry. Even though some of them were capable to produce chef-d'oeuvres, the status of hand-made goods was always much lower than that of goods of mass production especially foreign ones. Another realm of hand-made production was baking. Every woman in Armenia should have been able to bake cakes bearing strange and «foreign» names such as «mikado», «napoleon», «senator's», etc. to be qualified as a good bride and wife. Sacred word of «Repair». Every man in Soviet Armenia was imposed with a responsibility to provide acceptable living conditions for his family that is to repair the apartment and make it closer to informal esthetics of soviet everyday life. One of its main principles was imitation of luxury. It could be reached through making everything «shine»: polished floor and furniture, cut glass ware, silk and atlas coverings and curtains, infinite mirrors and lamps, golden and bronze surfaces as well as almost ritual cleanness of rooms. Walls were painted as if they were embellished with columns, chapiters, bas-reliefs, etc., recalling those of a palace, or at least, museum. Central rooms were given foreign names such as “hall”, “zal” (hall in Russian). The other, peripheral parts of the apartment were not given much attention in terms of special design. Car stories. Having a car in Soviet Union was linked with a number of practices of acquiring and taking care of it. A car was considered a personal property, which also should be controlled by the state. One could not buy a car in a car shop. Cars were distributed through organizations and enterprises people worked in. This process had been a part of soviet hierarchic system of distribution of goods. The other specific practice was taking care of the car that is washing and repairing it. Washing and repairing a car was a part of social activities of the Armenian urban yards and were marked by mutual assistance of inhabitants of a yard. Comments and post-scriptum. The essays were commented by readers of author's life journal page. Comments not only added to the text, but also appeared as its continuation and development of a discourse around the topics aroused. Most of comments expressed agreement, «recognition» or in some cases disagreement with essays or interpretations of a particular piece of information. Many readers supplied their impressions with anecdotal cases completing the text or their own memories. Thus, internet communication seems to be an interesting and original of generation of discourses for social and cultural research of memorialization of the past and many other topics.
Памятники османской эпиграфики в собрании Музея города-курорта Сочи
The paper is a publication of texts and translations of five epitaphs dating to the Ottoman period preserved in the Historical Museum of the City of Sochi. Four of five tombstones bear the following dates: 1189/1775-76, 1207/1792-93, 1229/1814 and 1263/1847. Copies (estampage) of the three headstones were published by l. L. Lavrov in 1968; two headstones are published for the first time.
В.А. Бабенко, М.Е. Колесникова В. Н. Татищев и золотоордынские памятники Северного Кавказа
Introduction. The article presents insufficiently studied aspects of the activities of V. N. Tatishchev (1786–1750). His contribution to the study of the antiquities of Ural and Siberia is commonly accepted, but his activities on the research of the Golden Horde monuments of the Lower Volga region and the North Caucasus haven’t been evaluated in a proper way. Holding different state posts, from 1720 he was collecting the materials for writing works on the history and geography of Russia. He made the preparation of “landcards” and drawing of antiquities to be the necessary condition for doing scientific research. Results. Holding the post of the Astrakhan Governor from 1741 to 1745 he planned to map the ruins of the Golden Horde towns in the Lower Volga region. In July 1742 he sent the expedition to the town of Madjar in the North Caucasus that included A. Golokhvostov, who was the conductor of Engineering corps, a painting apprentice M. Nekrasov and 20 Cossaks. Its participants drew 3 pictures of Madjara, the panorama of the town of Kizlyar and Bragun village, which were sent by V. N. Tatishchev to Petersburg. In 1743 he asked the Senate for giving him two land levellers. In summer 1744 land levellers S. Chichagov and S. Shchelkov were sent to him. They prepared about 75 maps including the landcard of Greater and Minor Kabarda, which was found and published in 2009 by E. V. Gusarova. The research materials of 1742 and 1744 were presented by V. N. Tatishchev in his work “The History of Russia”. The towns of Madjar, Tatartup and “Yulat” were mentioned in it. Under the title of “Yulat” the town of Djulat was mentioned that was located on the site of ancient settlement Nizhnyi Djulat. Conclusion. The aims of works of 1742 were purely scientific, the works of 1744 were mainly practical. The available materials allow to recognize V. N. Tatishchev as the organizer of the first works on studying the Golden Horde monuments of the North Caucasus: the sites of ancient settlements of Madjar, Nizhnyi Dzhulat and Verkhnyi Dzhulat (Tatartup). V. N. Tatishchev’s leaving the post of the Astrakhan Governor in 1745 discontinued the study of the monuments of the Lower Volga region and the North Caucasus. It is necessary to continue the search for archive materials on this issue.
2016
В статье рассматривается история создания и характеризуется мемориальная коллекция Центра М. М. Бахтина в Мордовском государственном университете им. Н. П. Огарева. Прослеживается «биография» некоторых экспонатов (предметов мебели, личных вещей, документов и т. д., принадлежавших мыслителю). Обозначаются основные функции Центра и направления его деятельности. The article examines the history of creation and characterizes the memorial collection of Bakhtin Centre at Ogarev Mordovia State University. It traces the "biography" of certain exhibits (pieces of furniture, paraphernalia, documents, etc., which belonged to the thinker). It outlines the main functions of the Centre and the direction of its activities.