Analysis of rhizosphere fungal community of agricultural crops cultivated in laboratory experiments on Chernevaya taiga soil (original) (raw)
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Rhizosphere-resident fungi that are helpful to plants are generally termed as ‘plant growth promoting fungi’ (PGPF). These fungi are one of the chief sources of the biotic inducers known to give their host plants numerous advantages, and they play a vital role in sustainable agriculture. Today’s biggest challenge is to satisfy the rising demand for crop protection and crop yield without harming the natural ecosystem. Nowadays, PGPF has become an eco-friendly way to improve crop yield by enhancing seed germination, shoot and root growth, chlorophyll production, and fruit yield, etc., either directly or indirectly. The mode of action of these PGPF includes the solubilization and mineralization of the essential micro- and macronutrients needed by plants to regulate the balance for various plant processes. PGPF produce defense-related enzymes, defensive/volatile compounds, and phytohormones that control pathogenic microbes’ growth, thereby assisting the plants in facing various biotic a...
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2015
The aim of this study was to test the impact of Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on durum wheat growth and soil microbial functionalities in a field inoculation trial conducted in Morocco. The results showed that i) the R. irregularis inoculum effectively improved wheat growth, ii) wheat growth promotion depended on the soil mycorrhizal infectivity and iii) functional abilities of soil microflora depended on AMF inoculation. This study confirms that field AMF inoculation can be proposed as an effective agronomic practice in wheat production and as a sustainable cultural practice to manage soil biofunctioning. To fully promote inoculation practices, a better knowledge of AMF ecology has to be acquired to better adapt AMF inoculation to environmental conditions, and thus warrant better yields and agricultural sustainability.
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The rhizosphere is the region that has direct influence from the roots. This is the place where most of the interactions between microorganisms and plants occur. Studies involving the ecology of microbial communities from the rhizosphere became more frequent after the first reports of biological interactions of microorganisms with plants that influence physically and chemically modify the soil surrounding. According to these hypotheses, the rhizosphere mycobiota provides the development of plants through various mechanisms, direct and indirect. Thus, the objective of this review was to explain the aspects that provide Journal of Agricultural Studies
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The aim of the study was to investigate the species diversity of AM fungi in different parts of the North Caucasus, biodiversity hotspot, the center of the world’s biological diversity. Samples were taken from 5 locations (stationary trial plots, STPs) in different ecosystems and at various altitudes. Identification was performed using sequencing for ITS1 and ITS2 regions, amplified with universal primers, Illumina MiSeq was employed. 19 genera of AM fungi were found on all STPs. The work did not reveal a correlation between the altitude and the species composition of AM fungi. At the same time, it should be assumed that a correlation could be found between the biodiversity of AM fungi and the type of ecosystem, which should be done in the future. The study shows it is necessary to use an analysis for both ITS regions, since the data obtained for each ITS region differ and complement each other. Analysis for the ITS2 region revealed 1.3 times more virtual taxa than for the ITS1, whi...
Fungi That Promote Plant Growth in the Rhizosphere Boost Crop Growth
Journal of Fungi
The fungi species dwelling in the rhizosphere of crop plants, revealing functions that endeavor sustainability of the plants, are commonly referred to as ‘plant-growth-promoting fungi’ (PGPF). They are biotic inducers that provide benefits and carry out important functions in agricultural sustainability. The problem encountered in the agricultural system nowadays is how to meet population demand based on crop yield and protection without putting the environment and human and animal health at risk based on crop production. PGPF including Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium virens, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus flavus, Actinomucor elegans, Podospora bulbillosa, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc., have proven their ecofriendly nature to ameliorate the production of crops by improving the growth of the shoots and roots of crop plants, the germination of seeds, the production of chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and the abundant production of crops. PGPF’s potential mode of action is as fol...
Journal of soil science and plant nutrition
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important for P uptake in Andisols cultivated with wheat. We assessed AM fungal diversity in field experiments established with wheat cultivated after AM host plants and non-host plants at three locations of the Araucanía Region. Wheat seed was treated with two natural products: Fosfobio (FOS), mixture of P-solubilizing bacteria and N 2-fixing bacteria; and Myconate (MYC), product containing formononetin. For investigations of AM fungal diversity, soil samples were taken before planting and after harvest of wheat. The morphological spore analyses resulted in 26 species, belonging to 10 families and 16 genera; 5 species belonged to Acaulospora (31.2% of total), and 3 to Claroideoglomus (18.8%). Claroideoglomus claroideum was the prevalent while Ambispora leptoticha, Dominikia aurea, and Glomus badium presented the lowest frequency. The AM fungal species distribution was strongly dependent on the location, and richness at planting of wheat was higher when a non-host for AM fungi had been grown before. There appeared to be a tendency that through wheat cultivation, the richness of AM fungal species decreased from time of planting to harvest when the pre-crop was a non-host; when the pre-crop was AM host there was no apparent decrease in AM species richness through wheat cultivation. Natural products did not significantly influence grain yields. However, there was a tendency that MYC increased average grain yields by 7%. It is discussed that increased AM root colonization, as by MYC and improved P-uptake by AM fungi is more important than inoculation of seed with P-solubilizing microbes.
Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi into Agriculture
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Stress Tolerance of Plants, 2017
In the natural ecosystem, rhizospheric soils have various biological organisms to favour the plant growth, nutrient absorption, stress tolerance, disease prevention, carbon capturing and many more. These organisms include mycorrhizal fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, etc. which solubilize nutrients and assist the plants in uptaking by roots. Among them, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have key importance in natural ecosystem, but high rate of chemical fertilizer in agricultural fields is diminishing its importance. In this chapter, indigenous AM fungi efficiency is discussed with various doses of chemical fertilizer against number of cereal, cash, horticultural and fruit crops. Moreover, their effects on the plant growth, yield enhancement, fruit quality and soil quality are discussed. In the rhizosphere, AM fungi have main interaction with multipurpose bacteria such as phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, nitrogen fixers, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and stress tolerance bacteria. AM fungi contribute in building rhizospheric carbon stock, and, recently, addition of biochar in the soil for enhancing soil physicochemical properties and nutrient release has been studied with AM fungi. In order to manage the indigenous AM fungal spores, soil and crop management is important in association with carbon amendments for soils. One of the greatest challenges for the society is food insecurity, which should be changed into ‘food security’ by improving our knowledge and practicality to double the food production through sustainable farming approaches.
Fungi are diverse organisms in ecosystem establishment in different ways of association with other organisms like Mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizas are associations between fungi and the roots or other underground organs of plants. Therefore, the review was made to point out important fungal species involved in symbiotic fungalplant interaction and their major roles in agriculture as well as ecosystem. Most land plants form associations with mycorrhizal fungi. The fungal organs are identified as chain, arbuscul, vesicle, supportive cells and spore. Mycorrhiza types are described as arbuscular, ecto, ectendo, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid and orchidaceous mycorrhiza. The vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and ecto mycorrhiza are the most abundant, widespread and important fungal species involved in symbiotic fungal-plant interactions. They are described as symbiotic organisms because the fungus receives photo synthetically derived carbon compounds and the plant has increased access to mineral nutrients and sometimes water. Mycorrhizal fungi are important fungi species in nutrient exchange that greatly enhanced the ability of plants to take up phosphorus and other trace nutrients those are relatively immobile and exist in low concentration in the soil solution. Fungi can be important in the uptake of other nutrients by the host plant. Mycorrhiza establishes its symbiotic relationships with plants and plays an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. The other roles of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involved in alleviation of heavy metal stress and increasing grain production. However, use of mycorrhizal biotechnology engineered establishment of mycorrhizal associations in land reclamation and revegetation is not well-practiced in many parts of the world. It is crucial to recognize and understand the molecular and ecological roles of mycorrhiza for agriculture, horticulture, forestry and soil remediation. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers and pesticides can inhibit the growth of mycorrhiza. Therefore, the development of mycorrhizal may be a better environmentally friendly alternative for agricultural practices like addition of inorganic fertilizers and can go a long way in maintaining a sustainable environment.
Soil Fungal Resources in Annual Cropping Systems and Their Potential for Management
BioMed Research International, 2014
Soil fungi are a critical component of agroecosystems and provide ecological services that impact the production of food and bioproducts. Effective management of fungal resources is essential to optimize the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. In this review, we (i) highlight the functional groups of fungi that play key roles in agricultural ecosystems, (ii) examine the influence of agronomic practices on these fungi, and (iii) propose ways to improve the management and contribution of soil fungi to annual cropping systems. Many of these key soil fungal organisms (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal root endophytes) interact directly with plants and are determinants of the efficiency of agroecosystems. In turn, plants largely control rhizosphere fungi through the production of carbon and energy rich compounds and of bioactive phytochemicals, making them a powerful tool for the management of soil fungal diversity in agriculture. The use of crop rotations and selection of optimal plant genotypes can be used to improve soil biodiversity and promote beneficial soil fungi. In addition, other agronomic practices (e.g., no-till, microbial inoculants, and biochemical amendments) can be used to enhance the effect of beneficial fungi and increase the health and productivity of cultivated soils.