Historical Sources of 16th – 18th Centuries Earthquakes in Western Part of the Ottoman Empire (original) (raw)

EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES IN HISTORICAL STRUCTURES

A large part of Turkey is located on seismic belts and earthquakes that cause damages occur in these area many times. These earthquakes cause damages, partial or full collapse of historical structures. In the scope of the study, the historical structures that were damaged during the Simav Earthquake which occurred on 19.05.2011 with a magnitude of 5.7, and during the Van Earthquake which occurred on 23.10.2011 with a magnitude of 7.2, are being examined. In addition to the earthquakes, information about damages that occur on the structures based on the structural conditions and damages that occur on the structural bearings as a result of fire are provided. These kinds of damages reduce the horizontal load bearing capacity of the structure in case of an earthquake and cause damages that are above the estimation in the structure.

Assessing the seismic vulnerability of late Ottoman buildings in Istanbul

2004

This paper outlines the methodology followed and presents the guidelines issued for the rehabilitation and preservation of a relatively large set of residential buildings in two of the historic districts of Istanbul, Fener and Balat. The two districts present a largely homogeneous building stock, mainly dating back to the end of the 19 century and beginning of the 20 century, which has undergone to date relatively little alteration. The project of rehabilitation of about 200 of these buildings is part of a larger rehabilitation programme that the Fatih Municipality is carrying out within the area, and sponsored by European funding. Any approach to rehabilitation in the Istanbul metropolitan area, needs to be aware and to cater for the increased estimated seismic hazard and the possibility of a major earthquake in the relatively near future. The paper presents the approach followed in assessing the buildings, a description of their constructional features and major structural problem...

Historical Earthquake Damages to Domed Structures in Istanbul

Istanbul, the capital of Eastern Rome, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire, has always been an important city, decorated with emblematic buildings. The seismicity of the city and the surrounding area, however, has been one of the most challenging points the designer of these daring historical structures had to face. Very strong tremors, recurring in every one and a half century in average, hit the city leaving a tragic mark in the history. The legendry dome of Hagia Sophia, the most important structure of the city, for instance, collapsed in 1509 due to a strong shaking. The dome of Beyazıt Mosque, commissioned by the Sultan Beyazıt, collapsed 3 years after its completion during the 1509 Earthquake as well. Fatih Mosque, commissioned by the conqueror of the city, Mehmet the 2nd, collapsed during the 1766 Earthquake to such an extend that the bearing system of the structure had to be redesigned during the reconstruction works. Atik Ali Paşa Mosque in Beyazıt Square, experienced a severe damage during the 1766 Earthquake thus the load bearing system and the dome had to be repaired and even altered. This chapter discusses the domed structures in Istanbul, which are reported damaged during strong historical earthquakes. The attention is focused mostly to their domes, the most important component of the Byzantine and the Ottoman architecture. The significant shakings, together with their estimated epicenters and magnitudes, have been defined and the spatial distribution of the reported damages in the domed structures has been examined. It is found that the Historical Peninsula, which is where once Constantinople was located, has several vulnerable structures and high seismic hazard level at the same time. Certain structures have been found to be quite vulnerable to strong shakings and received significant damages multiple times. The chapter discusses the possible effects of the future seismic events on the historical buildings in Istanbul, based on the recorded damages occurred during the past seismic events.

Structural vulnerability and assessment of masonry building from Ottoman period in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Handbook of Research on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Historic Structures (2 Volumes), 2015

Traditional art of building in Bosnia and Herzegovina comprises brick or stone masonry structures. Most historical buildings belonging to national cultural heritage were made of stone-masonry. The country is situated in seismic active region of SouthEast Europe. In the case of stronger earthquake motion such buildings could suffer heavy damages. Some structural elements of historical buildings, as domes and arches, crack already by moderate earthquake but without the loss of stability. Substantial damages were caused by recent war disaster. Damages could be accumulated through the history as well. Generally, stone-masonry buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina can be classified in vulnerability classes between A and C according to European Macroseismic Scale. Design and construction procedures for rehabilitation are presented here on examples of repair and strengthening of mosques, which present historical stone masonry structures dating from the Ottoman period in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Traditional and contemporary materials were used for their rehabilitation. It is important to preserve original forms, especially those of damaged elements. The challenge for structural engineers and architects was to find equilibrium between aesthetical and structural demands. The towers of the sacral buildings are of special interest, from the aesthetical and structural point of view. Therefore, besides fulfilling certain functions (practical ones), emphasized are the feelings of beauty and its manifestation. Sacral buildings towers are very often the main bench marks of urban complex, which dominate over the other building structures and form recognizable image of the city. Intervention in the established architectural language ambience, buildings as well and established visual codes, required understanding of values formed in a particular space and time. In seismic active areas historical buildings are mostly very vulnerable to the stronger earthquake motions. The seismic response of sacral buildings towers should be carefully analyzed. Heavy damages or even failure of historical towers involves not only a cultural loss but also a hazard induced on near-standing buildings. Thus, this behavior can significantly affect the performance on entire sections of historical city centers. There is variety of causes for severe damages and possible collapses, ranging from insufficient bearing capacity to inevitable construction "mistakes".

A guideline for earthquake risk management of historical structures in Turkey

2017

Turkey is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in Europe. In the past, many destructive earthquakes occurred in Turkey, in which numerous historical structures were damaged seriously or even collapsed. In spite of the high seismic hazard in Turkey, unfortunately there exists no technical document regarding the seismic assessment and rehabilitation of historical structures. Considering this issue, efforts to prepare an advisory guideline document for architects and engineers regarding seismic risk assessment and strengthening of historical structures in Turkey were initiated. The guideline document under preparation is intended to follow the principles of the Venice Charter and the ICOMOS Guidelines. The guideline will be composed of different sections including the ways to collect data about the building, the selection of appropriate non-destructive or semi-destructive techniques, assessment of the existing building damage, the structural modeling strategies and types of inter...

PREPARATION OF A GUIDELINE FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK MANAGEMENT OF HISTORICAL STRUCTURES IN TURKEY

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Masonry Building from Ottoman Period in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Handbook of Research on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Historic Structures

Assessments of Masonry Buildings and Historical Structures during the 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ Earthquake

Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering

Turkey is located on a seismically active region. The active fault zones, primarily the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault, constitute a center to the movements. On 24 January 2020 at local time 20:55, an earthquake of Mw = 6.8 struck Sivrice, Elazığ located in eastern part of Turkey. After this main shock, 1185 aftershocks were recorded until February 8, 2020. The main event resulted in 41 human casualties and 1632 injured. Also, 45 people were salvaged from the debris. The earthquake mostly affected to Elazığ and Malatya provinces. 633 buildings were demolished, 10492 buildings were severely damaged, 2161 buildings were moderately damaged, and 16046 buildings were slightly damaged in the affected region. This paper focus on evaluating the damages and failures of masonry, adobe, and historical structures in the affected areas around Elazığ and Malatya provinces.

LESSONS LEARNED FROM HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE ON MASONRY DOMED MONUMENTS IN ISTANBUL: GEOMETRICAL WEAKNESSES

The prominence of historic buildings as values of cultural heritage is very important for human history and collective memory with their tangible and intangible characteristics. In accordance with conservation approaches, historic buildings should be altered and intervened in as little as possible, even though this concept can include risks in some cases. On the other hand, alteration or intervention based on modern techniques can lead to structural risks due to the uncertainties as well. Therefore, studying traditional construction techniques and understanding their concepts scientifically and methodically are very important in terms of conservation and protection of cultural heritage. Based on this fact, the motivation of this research is studying recorded historic damage and discussing the structural behavior of domed masonry monumental buildings in terms of understanding the traditional way in scientific methodology. Due to the fact that the existing literature and studies about this topic are very limited, this paper aims to give the basis for further studies. The significance of Istanbul as the capital of Eastern Rome, the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire has always played an important role in history and still does so today. Due to this fact, the number of domed monumental buildings is higher than that of many historic places. Monuments and historic buildings are representatives of their long and rich history with the traces of each layer of the historic periods embodied in the texture of the city. Most of the monuments are made of masonry including bricks, stones, adobe and mortar, and their structural and geometrical layout is very complex. Depending on the construction period; geometrical typology, construction and organization of the structure, element size and type of construction materials vary. Historic structures have experienced many actions which occurred over long periods of time and endured deteriorating effects and earthquake loads for a long time. In accordance with this fact, this study aims to examine structural weaknesses of domed monumental buildings in Turkey in general and to explore three case studies from Istanbul specifically to put forward discussion based on recorded damage which occurred during strong historical earthquakes. Most structural weaknesses and problems of domed monumental buildings are based on the geometry of the building, supporting elements, transition elements and the integrity among those elements and load path of the building. In this sense, geometrical weaknesses in particular are investigated.

Historical Sources of 16th – 18th Centuries Earthquakes in Western Part of the Ottoman Empire (original) (raw)

Related papers