Nonviolent radicalisation (original) (raw)
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2020
This book offers a critical analysis of radicalization in Pakistan by deconstructing the global and the official state narratives designed to restrain Pakistani radicalization. Chapters are centered around three distinct themes: educational norms, religious practices, and geopolitical aspects of radicalization to examine the prevalent state and global practices that propagate Pakistani radicalization discourse. The book argues that there is both a global agenda, which presents Pakistan as the epicenter and sponsor of terrorism, and a domestic, or official, agenda that portrays Pakistan as the state that sacrificed and suffered the most in the recent War on Terror, which allows the country to gain sympathy as a victim. Delineating both conflicting agendas through a critical analysis of global and state practices in order to understand the myths and narratives of radicalization in Pakistan constructed by powerful elites, the book enables readers to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon. A multidisciplinary critical approach to comprehending radicalization in Pakistan with innovative prescriptions for counter-radicalization policy, this book will be of interest to researchers working in the fields of International Relations, Security Studies, Asian Politics, as well as Religious Studies and Education, in particular in the context of South Asia.
A Study of Radical Behaviorism in Pakistan
Study of radical Behaviorism , 2021
By its very nature, human behavior remains complex, which is also governed by subtle aspects of the situation or context in which they are embedded. Certain negative factors develop radical behaviorism, and these factors are the essential tasks to understand the behavioral changes in a particular environmental domain due to which radical behaviorism tends towards extremism. Sometimes this extremism leads towards terrorism which is not acceptable in any society. A person does not become radical within a day, and it is a slow and gradual process that requires a progression through distinct stages that happens nor quickly nor easily. Radicalized minds start violating laws in society that badly hit their surroundings. Most communities and individuals become resilient for Radicalization due to the exploitation of fundamental rights, undue imbalances in society, class differences, poor socio-political structure, and high illiteracy rate provide evidence to the factors shaping social practices and behaviorism. This paper focuses on radical behaviorism in Pakistan, and four types of behaviorism will be discussed here that drive balanced behaviorism towards radical behaviorism. Radicabehaviorism is the problem of Pakistan, but it is a global problem, and internal and external factors are involved that spoil the thinking track of particular groups of people, especially those who are considered the most sensitive group of people. Radicalization is the opposite of pluralism that may be expressed by nonviolent density in actions that deviate from the norms and show disapproval for the present domain of life and environment.
Radicalization in Pakistan: Sociocultural Realities
PIPS Journal of Conflict and Peace Studies, 2009
Radicalization in Pakistan has occupied the center stage in debates and has become a big concern for governments at national and international levels. This study is an effort to explore sociocultural determining factors of radicalization in Pakistan. This is a qualitative study. Primary and secondary sources were utilized during the research. Experts on the subject, from different professions, were interviewed.
Religious Radicalisation in Pakistan: Defining a Common Narrative
Variant views, on the existence of religious radicalisation as a problem in Pakistan, have restricted sustainable initiative for de-radicalisation. The culture of not challenging the violent discourse is the real problem creating an intolerant society in Pakistan. The present narrative of the militants is based on the notion that Pakistan's identity, as an Islamic state, is under attack and people can only prove to be good Muslim if they oppose the state following the western ideals of liberalism and democracy. The paper examines the contradiction between the existing narrative preventing the efforts to eradicate the mind-set based on hatred and intolerance and the need for a counter-narrative to reclaim Pakistan's identity as a progressive Muslim state. It is important to note that military operations against terrorism can only treat the symptom but not the cause. The problems multiply due to lack of a unified approach to identify the issue and its solution. The way religious radicalisation is defined by the conservative groups is completely different from the secular forces in the country; the majority of the moderates prefer to remain silent on the issue which is often misunderstood by the West as a tacit support to religious radicalisation.
Radical Extremism in Pakistan: Reasons and Solutions
The humans are inherently anti-status quo and in the human societies change is the permanent feature. However, when these anti-status quo forces resort to coercion and implementation of their will through force, it gives birth to radicalism. Radicalism is mainly anti-status quo and it denotes 'to forming fundamental changes in current practices and conditions in socio-political and economic spheres.' Whereas, extremism means 'resorting to fanatical methods and behaviour, in exercise of excessive/uncompromising opinions and actions.' In combination, radical-extremism becomes highly inflammable for a peaceful and tolerant society. Radical-extremism becomes more dangerous when studded with religious ideology and unleashed with militancy and terrorism.
Transformation of the ‘Muslim nationalism’ from regional to global frame corresponded with the erosion of democratic foundation of the country, consolidation of authoritarianism and radicalization of Army — and, consequently, the society.
Kinetic Action and Radicalization: A Case Study of Pakistan
Proceedings of 2021 International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling & Prediction and Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation, 2021
Drone strikes have been ongoing and there is a debate about their benefits. One major question is what is their role with respect to radicalization. This paper presents a data-driven approach to explore the relationship between drone strikes in Pakistan and subsequent responses, often in the form of terrorist attacks carried out by those in the communities targeted by these counterterrorism measures. Our analysis of news reports which discussed drone strikes and radicalization suggests that government-sanctioned drone strikes in Pakistan appear to drive terrorist events with a distributed lag that can be determined analytically. We then utilize these news reports to inform and calibrate an agent-based model which is grounded in radicalization and opinion dynamics theory. In doing so, we were able to simulate terrorist attacks that approximated the rate and magnitude observed in Pakistan from 2007 through 2018. We argue that this research effort advances the field of radicalization and lays the foundation for further work in the area of data-driven modeling and kinetic actions.
Emerging trends of on-campus radicalization in Pakistan
Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism, 2021
Definitional impasse over the issue of violent extremism has adversely affected the scholarly endeavours to develop a systematic understanding of the threat and policy interventions to counter the phenomenon in its violent and non-violent manifestations. In the absence of clearly defined concepts including ‘radicalisation’, much of the Counter-Terrorism Studies (CTS) research remains ‘subjective’ and politically expedient. This article contributes to the debate on ‘who is radical?’ in the context of Pakistan and ‘how social concepts like radicalisation can be quantified for meaningful scaling of radicalisation and deradicalization?’. The survey of six public sector universities of Islamabad with secular reputation identifies how university youth is vulnerable to radicalism and stresses the need for launching an effective counter-radicalisation campaigns on the university campuses.
Radicalization as a Result of Pakhtuns' Resistance in the Wake of War against Terror
Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 2016
This study is focused on the reinforcing factors of radicalization in Pakhtun society particularly in the wake of the current counter-terrorism strategies. It has been generally believed that poverty, illiteracy, the lack of democratic institutions and religious ideologies are reinforcing radicalization in Pakhtun society. It is argued in this article that Pakhtuns' resistance against the existing counter-terrorism strategies of the USA and Pakistan also further fuels its process in this belt. We argue that the excessive use of force of coalition forces against terrorism in Pakhtun tribal society does not recourse to the prevalent cultural values. Resultantly, the current counter-terrorism strategies not only have become ineffective but have resulted in more radical trends among the Pakhtuns of the tribal areas of Pakistan.